Yiziphi izinkambu ezijwayelekile zokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide?

I-sodium cyanide (NaCN) iyinhlanganisela ye-inorganic enobuthi kakhulu enezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza kuzo zonke izimboni eziningi. Naphezu kwemvelo yayo eyingozi, izakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele ziyenza i-reagent eyigugu ezinqubweni eziningi zezimboni. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinkambu ezihlukahlukene lapho I-sodium cyanide iyasetshenziswa.

Imboni Yezokumbiwa

Enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezaziwa kakhulu ze I-Sodium Cyanide ikhona Imboni yezokumbiwa phansi, ikakhulukazi ukukhishwa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu. Igolide nesiliva, okuvame ukutholakala kuma-ores ebanga eliphansi, kungahlukaniswa ngempumelelo nedwala elizungezile kusetshenziswa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-cyanidation. Lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo namanzi, i-sodium cyanide ihlangana negolide noma isiliva ukwenza insimbi encibilikayo - i-cyanide complexes. Isibonelo, ukusabela ngegolide kungamelwa kanje:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂+ 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂]+ 4NaOH

Le nqubo ivumela ukutholakala okuphumelelayo kwezinsimbi eziyigugu ezivela kumanani amakhulu e-ore. I-cyanidation nayo isetshenziselwa ukukhipha ezinye izinsimbi ezifana nethusi, i-zinc, ne-platinum - izinsimbi zeqembu kwezinye izimo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuthi be-cyanide, izinyathelo eziqinile zezemvelo nezokuphepha zikhona ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhishwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe ukungcola emvelweni.

Electroplating kanye Surface Treatment

I-sodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekile I-Electroplating izinqubo. Isetshenziswa njengengxenye enkulu ekugezeni kwe-electroplating yokufaka izinsimbi ezifana nethusi, isiliva, i-cadmium, ne-zinc kuma-substrates ahlukahlukene. Esixazululweni se-electroplating, i-cyanide ions yenza ngezindlela eziningana. Basiza ukunciphisa i-anode polarization, ukuqinisekisa ukuqedwa okubushelelezi kwensimbi ye-anode. Lokhu kubangela ukunikezwa okuzinzile nokungaguquguquki kwama-ion ensimbi esixazululweni. Ukwengeza, i-cyanide ions yandisa i-cathode polarization, ekhuthaza ukufakwa okufanayo kwensimbi endaweni ye-cathode, okuholela ekuqedeni kwekhwalithi ephezulu, ehlanganiswe ngokulinganayo. Isibonelo, ku-electroplating esiliva, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kubhavu wokucwenga kusiza ukuzuza ukunamathela kwesiliva okukhanyayo ezintweni ezifana nobucwebe nokuxhumana kukagesi.

I-Chemical Synthesis

1.I-Inorganic Chemical Production

I-sodium cyanide isebenza njengempahla eluhlaza eyinhloko yokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziningi ezingaphili ama-cyanides. Ngokwesibonelo, isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-potassium cyanide (KCN), nayo esetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuphendula i-sodium cyanide nosawoti we-potassium ngokusabela kwe-metathesis, i-potassium cyanide ingatholakala. Okunye okubalulekile kwe-inorganic Ama-cyanides njenge-zinc cyanide (Zn(CN) ₂), esetshenziswa ku-electroplating nanjenge-catalyst kwezinye izimo zamakhemikhali, kanye ne-copper(I) cyanide (CuCN), esetshenziswa ku-organic synthesis kanye ne-electroplating, nayo ikhiqizwa ku-sodium cyanide.

2.I-Organic Synthesis

Kumakhemikhali aphilayo, i-sodium cyanide iyi-nucleophile enamandla. Ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni okufana nokusabela kwe-nucleophilic esikhundleni nge-alkyl halides. Lokhu kusabela, okwaziwa nge-Kolbe nitrile synthesis, kuyindlela ebalulekile yokwandisa amaketanga ekhabhoni. Isibonelo, lapho i-alkyl halide (R - X) isabela ne-sodium cyanide, kwakheka i-alkyl nitrile (R - CN):

R - X+ NaCN → R - CN+ NaX

Ama-nitriles atholakalayo angaphinde aguqulwe abe ezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziwusizo. Angashintshwa nge-hydrolyzed ukuze akhe ama-carboxylic acid noma ancishiswe enze ama-amine, okuyizingqimba ezibalulekile zokwakha ekuhlanganisweni kwemithi, ama-polymers, neminye imikhiqizo ye-organic.

Umkhakha Wezemithi

I-sodium cyanide isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwemithi eminingana ephakathi kwemithi. Isibonelo, ibandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-cyanacetic acid kanye nokuphuma kwayo. I-cyanacetic acid ingasetshenziswa ukwenza izidakamizwa ezifana nama-barbiturates, asetshenziswa njengama-sedative nama-hypnotics. Esinye isibonelo ukuhlanganiswa kwama-amino acid athile, okuyizingxenye eziyisisekelo zamaprotheni. Amanye ama-amino acid akhiqizwa ngemizila yokwenziwa ebandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide njengento yokuqala noma i-reagent ezinyathelweni ezibalulekile zokusabela. Lawa ma-amino acid abe esesetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwezithako zokudla nasekukhiqizeni eminye imithi.

Imboni Yokudayi Nezindwangu

1.Ukukhiqiza Udayi

Embonini kadayi, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni odayi abathile kanye nezimaphakathi zikadayi. Isibonelo, kuhileleke ekuhlanganiseni kwe-cyanuric chloride, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqiza odayi abasebenzayo. Odayi abasebenzayo basetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yendwangu ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo ezinhle kakhulu zokungaguquki kombala. I-Cyanuric chloride ingasabela ngezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo ukuze zakhe inhlobonhlobo yezakhiwo zikadayi ezingabopha ngokuhlangene imicu yendwangu, inikeze umbala ohlala isikhathi eside.

2.I-Textile Processing

Embonini yezindwangu, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa njenge-mordant kwezinye izinqubo zokudaya. I-mordant isiza ukuthuthukisa ukubopha kukadayi endwangu, ithuthukise ukushuba kombala nokuqina kwento edayiwe. Ukwengeza, isetshenziswa ezinqubweni ezithile zokwelashwa kwendawo yezindwangu, njengasesimweni sezingxenye zemishini yendwangu esekwe ensimbi lapho ingase ihileleke ezinqubweni ezifana ne-liquid carburizing kanye ne-nitriding ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubulukhuni nokuguga - ukumelana nezingxenye zensimbi.

Ukulawula Izinambuzane Nokushisa

Ngenxa yemvelo yayo enobuthi obuphezulu, i-sodium cyanide ibisetshenziswa ekulawuleni izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi esikhathini esidlule ngezinjongo zokufutha. Ezindaweni ezivalekile njengezindawo zokugcina izimpahla noma izindawo zokugcina, izifutha ezisekelwe ku-cyanide ezine-sodium cyanide zingasetshenziswa ukubulala izinambuzane njengezinambuzane, amagundane, nesikhunta esithile. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ekulawuleni izinambuzane kwehle kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yobuthi bayo obudlulele kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinye izindlela zokulawula izinambuzane ezingenabungozi kangako. Imithethonqubo eqinile yokuphepha manje ibusa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kule ndawo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuchayeka ngengozi kubantu nasezintweni ezingaqondiwe.

Sengiphetha, i-sodium cyanide, naphezu kobuthi bayo, iyikhemikhali ebalulekile enezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa ezimbonini ezifana nezimayini, i-electroplating, i-chemical synthesis, imithi, udayi nezindwangu, nokulawula izinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, ukuphatha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kudinga ukuthotshelwa okuqinile kwemithetho yokuphepha kanye nemvelo ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo.