Ukwembula Inqubo Yokukhipha Igolide Ngokusebenzisa I-Sodium Cyanide

I. Isingeniso

Embonini yezimayini zegolide zanamuhla , i-Sodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekile. Ngokungafani nezindlela zakudala zokugaya igolide, izinqubo zanamuhla zokumba igolide kwezentengiselwano zingakhipha igolide emadwaleni anegolide eliphansi kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi elincane njenge-0.005%, lapho igolide lingabonakali khona ngeso lenyama. I-Sodium cyanide iyisithako esiyinhloko samakhemikhali kule nqubo yokukhipha eyinkimbinkimbi, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa kwegolide kuma-ore ngempumelelo. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi i-Sodium Cyanide isetshenziswa kanjani ekumbeni igolide.

II. Izisekelo zeSodium Cyanide

A. Chemical Properties

I-Sodium cyanide, enefomula yamakhemikhali i-NaCN, iyi-crystalline solid emhlophe. Ibonakala njenge-granules noma i-powder futhi ithambekele ekuncibilikeni. Le nhlanganisela inephunga elincane lama-alimondi amunyu. Ngokuphathelene nokuncibilika, incibilika kakhulu emanzini, kuyilapho incibilika kancane kuphela ku-ethanol. Ngokwekhemikhali, i-sodium cyanide iyisisekelo esinamandla kanye nosawoti we-asidi obuthakathaka. Isixazululo sayo samanzi siyancibilika ukuze sikhiqize i-hydrocyanic acid, okwenza isixazululo sibe ne-alkaline kakhulu. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi, i-sodium cyanide inobuthi obukhulu. Ngisho nenani elincane, kungaba ngokuthintana kwesikhumba, ukuhogela, noma ukugwinya, lingaholela ebuthi obukhulu futhi lingaba yingozi. Linomphumela walo obulalayo ngokukhulula ama-ion e-cyanide (CN-) anokubopha okuqinile kuma-ion ensimbi kune-oxygen. Lokhu kuphazamisa izinqubo ezijwayelekile ze-oxidative zamaseli, ekugcineni kuholele ekuncipheni kweseli kanye ne-hypoxia yezicubu.

B. Ukubaluleka Kwezimboni

Ngaphandle kwendima yayo ezimayini zegolide, i-sodium cyanide ibamba ukubaluleka okubalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukene yezimboni. Embonini ye-electroplating, isebenza njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuhlanganisa ithusi, isiliva, i-cadmium, ne-zinc. Isiza ukwehlisa i-anodic polarization, iqinisekisa ukuhlakazeka okuvamile kwe-anode, ukuzinzisa isisombululo se-plating, kanye nokuthuthukisa i-cathodic polarization ukuze kutholwe izendlalelo zokubethela ezifanayo nezisezingeni eliphezulu. Kwezokusansimbi, isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nesiliva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iwumthombo obalulekile embonini yamakhemikhali wokukhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zama-cyanides we-inorganic kanye nokukhiqiza i-hydrocyanic acid. Iphinde ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto eziphilayo njengengilazi ephilayo, izinto zokwenziwa ezihlukahlukene, irabha ye-nitrile, nama-synthetic fiber copolymers. Embonini yodayi, isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni i-cyanuric chloride, okuphakathi okubalulekile kodayi abasebenzayo kanye nesandulela sama-ejenti amhlophe. Ukwengeza, imboni yezemithi isebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ekuhlanganiseni kwezinhlanganisela ezifana ne-cyanoacetic acid methyl ester ne-diethyl malonate. Sekukonke, ukuguquguquka kwe-sodium cyanide kanye nokusebenza kabusha kuyenza ikhemikhali ebaluleke kakhulu ezinqubweni zesimanje zezimboni.

III. Inqubo Yezimayini Zegolide nge-Sodium Cyanide

A. Ukulungiselela Ore

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ekukhishweni kweGolide ukulungiselela i-ore. Izingcezu ezinkulu ze-ore ephethe igolide ziqala zichotshozwe zibe yizicucu ezincane kusetshenziswa ama-crusher aqinile. Lokhu kuchotshozwa okuyinhloko kunciphisa usayizi we-ore kube ubukhulu obuphathekayo, ngokuvamile cishe amamilimitha angu-150-300. Ngemva kwalokho, i-ore echotshoziwe iphonswa okwesibili, ngokuvamile ngama-cone crushers noma ama-impact crushers, okunciphisa usayizi wezinhlayiya ube cishe amamilimitha angu-20-50. Ngemva kwalokho, i-ore igaywa ibe yimpuphu ecolekile ngokusebenzisa ama-ball mill noma ama-rod mill, okuqinisekisa ukuthi iningi lezinhlayiya lingaphansi kwamamilimitha angu-0.074. Lokhu kuchotshozwa okuncane kubalulekile njengoba kukhulisa kakhulu indawo engaphezulu kwe-ore, kusiza ukuxhumana okungcono nokusabela nesixazululo se-cyanide enkambisweni elandelayo yokukhipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ore ingadlula enkambisweni yokuhlola ukuze ihlukanise osayizi bezinhlayiya ezahlukene, okuvumela ukulawula okunembile kokwelashwa kwamakhemikhali nokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha.

B. Inqubo yokuLeaching

Uma insimbi isilungisiwe kahle, ingena esigabeni sokucwiliswa, okuyinhliziyo yenqubo yokukhipha igolide nge-sodium cyanide. I-ore eyimpuphu ixubene nesisombululo se-cyanide esakhiwe ngokucophelela, ngokuvamile nge-sodium cyanide concentration esukela ku-0.05% kuya ku-0.1%. Kulesi sigaba, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka lapho igolide elikwi-ore lihlangana nama-ion cyanide (CN-) lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo. Ukusabela kukonke kungamelwa isibalo: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Lapha, ama-athomu egolide akha inkimbinkimbi encibilikayo nama-ion e-cyanide, enza i-sodium gold cyanide (Na[Au(CN)₂]), encibilika esixazululo. Inqubo ye-leaching idinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kwamapharamitha ahlukahlukene. I-pH yesisombululo igcinwa cishe ku-10-11 ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwe-cyanide nokuvimbela ukwakheka kwegesi enobuthi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Izinga lokushisa nalo linendima ebalulekile; Ngokuvamile, igcinwa ngaphakathi kwebanga lika-20-30 ° C. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu lehlisa izinga lokusabela, kuyilapho ukushisa okudlulele kungaholela ekuhwamukeni okusheshayo kwesixazululo kanye nokugqwala okungenzeka kwemishini. Ukuyaluza okwanele kanye nokungenisa umoya kuhlinzekwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxutshwa okufanayo kwe-ore nesixazululo se-cyanide, okugqugquzela ukuncibilika kwegolide okuphumelelayo.

C. Isiteji Semvula

Ngemuva kwenqubo yokucwiliswa, igolide manje lisesimweni se-soluble gold cyanide complexes esixazululo. Ukuze kubuyiselwe igolide, kwenziwa isigaba sokuna. Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukufaka i-zinc powder noma ikhabhoni ecushiwe esixazululweni. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-zinc powder, ukusabela kokufuduka kwenzeka. I-zinc, njengoba isebenza kakhulu kunegolide, isusa igolide endaweni yegolide ye-cyanide complex. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kungavezwa ngokuthi: 2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au. Ama-athomu egolide abe esencishiswa abe yisimo sawo sensimbi futhi aphume esixazululo. Uma kusetshenziswa ikhabhoni ecushiwe, indawo yayo ephezulu kanye nezakhiwo ze-adsorption ziyangena. Izingxube zegolide ze-cyanide zikhanga phezu kwekhabhoni ecushiwe, zihlukanise ngempumelelo igolide nesixazululo. Ikhabhoni elayishiwe iphinde icutshungulwe ukuze kubuyiselwe igolide elikhangisiwe. Uma imvula isiqedile, i-slurry ewumphumela iyahlungwa noma ifakwe i-centrifuged ukuze ihlukanise imvula yegolide eqinile oketshezini olusele, olungaqukatha i-cyanide esele nokunye ukungcola.

D. Inqubo Yokucwengwa

Igolide elitholwe esigabeni semvula lisaqukethe ukungcola okuthile futhi lidinga ukucwengwa ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu okudingekayo emakethe. Inqubo yokucwenga ivamise ukuqala ngokuncibilika, lapho imvula yegolide ishiselwa ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu esithandweni. Lokhu kuncibilikisa igolide, okuvumela ukungcola okuminyene ukuthi kucwile phansi kuyilapho igolide elincibilikisiwe lingasulwa noma lithelwe ezibunjeni. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-electrolysis ingase isetshenziswe ukuze kuhlanzwe okwengeziwe. Engqamuzaneni ye-electrolytic, igolide elingcolile lenziwa i-anode, futhi ishidi elincanyana legolide elihlanzekile lisebenza njenge-cathode. Lapho amandla kagesi edlula kuseli, ama-ion egolide asuka ku-anode aya ku-cathode futhi abeke njengegolide elimsulwa, eshiya ukungcola okusele ku-anode. Ngalezi zinyathelo zokucwenga, igolide lingafinyelela izinga lokuhlanzeka elifika ku-99.99%, lihlangabezana namazinga ezimboni ezihlukahlukene, ukwenza ubucwebe, kanye nezicelo zokutshala izimali.

IV. Izicelo zokucabangela ukuphepha kanye nemvelo

A. Ukuphepha Kwabasebenzi

Uma kubhekwa ubuthi obudlulele be-sodium cyanide, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu. Abasebenzi abathintekayo ohlelweni lokumba igolide kusetshenziswa i-sodium cyanide kufanele banikezwe ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kokuphepha. Kudingeka babe nolwazi oluhle ekuphatheni ikhemikhali, baqonde izingozi ezingase zibe khona, nokwazi izinqubo eziqondile eziphuthumayo. Izisetshenziswa zokuvikela umuntu (i-PPE) akuxoxiswana ngazo. Izisebenzi kufanele zigqoke amagilavu ​​angangenisi ukuvikela ukuthintana kwesikhumba, izibuko ezivikela amehlo azo, kanye nama-respirators ukugwema ukuhogela noma iyiphi igesi ye-cyanide engase ikhishwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kube nemithethonqubo yokuphepha eqinile. Isibonelo, izindawo zokusebenza kufanele zibe nomoya omuhle ukuze kuncishiswe ukugcwala kwanoma iyiphi i-cyanide esemoyeni. Abasebenzi kufanele futhi banqatshelwe ukudla, ukuphuza, noma ukubhema ezindaweni lapho kukhona khona i-sodium cyanide ukuvimbela ukungenwa ngephutha. Ukuhlolwa njalo kwezokwelapha kufanele kube yimpoqo ukuze kuqashwe impilo yabasebenzi, ikakhulukazi labo abaphatha ikhemikhali ngokuqondile, ukuze kubonakale noma yiziphi izimpawu zokuqala zokuchayeka kwe-cyanide.

B. Umthelela Wezemvelo

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ekumbeni igolide nakho kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngemvelo. Ngemva kwenqubo yokukhipha igolide, izinto ezisele ezilahliwe, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Cyanide tailings , ziqukethe i-cyanide esele. Uma zingaphathwa kahle, lezi tailings zingaba usongo olukhulu emvelweni. I-Cyanide ingangena enhlabathini nangaphansi komhlaba, ingcolise imithombo yamanzi futhi ilimaze impilo yasemanzini. Emanzini angaphezulu, ngisho namanani amancane e-cyanide angaphazamisa ibhalansi yezemvelo, okuholela ekubulaweni kwezinhlanzi kanye neminye imiphumela emibi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zingozi zemvelo, izinkampani zezimayini kumele zisebenzise amasu aqinile okuphathwa kwemvelo. Enye indlela ukwelapha i-cyanide tailings ukuze kuncishiswe okuqukethwe kwe-cyanide kube amazinga aphephile. Lokhu kungabandakanya izinqubo zokwelapha ngamakhemikhali, njengezindlela zokuxilisa noma zokukhipha imvula, ukuguqula i-cyanide enobuthi ibe yizinhlanganisela ezingalimazi kakhulu. Esinye isinyathelo esibalulekile ukulahla nokugcina i-tailings elahliwe. Amachibi okugcina udoti noma i-tailings avikelekile anezimbobo ezifanele angavimbela ukuvuza kwanoma yikuphi ukungcola okusele emvelweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwendawo ezungezile, okuhlanganisa ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye nezimo zenhlabathi, kubalulekile ukuthola noma yimuphi umonakalo ongaba khona endaweni kusenesikhathi futhi kuthathwe isinyathelo sokulungisa ngokushesha.

V. Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide ngokungangabazeki iyikhemikhali ebalulekile ekumbeni igolide yesimanje, evumela ukukhishwa kwegolide ematsheni anegolide eliphansi. Ibilokhu iyitshe lesisekelo embonini yezimayini zegolide amashumi eminyaka, yenza kube lula ukukhiqizwa kwegolide eliphehla izimboni ezahlukene, kusukela ekwenzeni ubucwebe kuya ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kudinga ukunakwa okukhulu ekuphepheni nasekuvikelweni kwemvelo. Izinkampani zezimayini kumele zitshale imali emishinini yokuphepha yesimanje, zinikeze ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kubasebenzi, futhi zisebenzise izinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile ukuze zivikele izimpilo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zinesibopho sokuziphatha nesomthetho sokuphatha umthelela wemvelo, ziphathe kahle izimpande ze-cyanide futhi ziqaphe indawo ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo wesikhathi eside. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ucwaningo ngezindlela eziphephile nezinobungani nemvelo esikhundleni se-sodium cyanide kufanele luqhubeke. Kuphela ngokulinganisa phakathi kokukhishwa kwegolide okusebenzayo, ukuphepha kwabasebenzi, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo lapho imboni yezimayini zegolide ingachuma khona ngokuqhubekayo esikhathini esizayo.