Ingabe Kuphephile Ukusebenzisa I-Sodium Cyanide Emayini?

Isingeniso

I-Cyanide sodium, ikhemikhali eyaziwa ngokuba nobuthi bayo obukhulu, ibilokhu isetshenziswa kabanzi eMkhakheni Wezimayini amashumi eminyaka, ikakhulukazi ekukhishweni kwegolide. Amandla ayo okuncibilikisa igolide nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu ezivela ematsheni ensimbi yenze yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile kubavukuzi. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe -cyanide sodium nakho kuphakamise ukukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana nokuphepha, kokubili kubasebenzi abathintekayo kanye nemvelo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umbuzo othi: Ingabe kuphephile ukusebenzisa i-cyanide sodium ekuvuneni?

Iyini i-Sodium Cyanide?

I-sodium cyanide iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enefomula ye-NaCN. Ivamise ukubonakala njengekristali eqinile emhlophe, imvamisa isesimweni samapellets noma impushana. Esinye sezici zayo eziphawuleka kakhulu iphunga layo le-alimondi elifiphele, elibabayo, elingasebenza njengesibonakaliso esiyisixwayiso sokuba khona kwawo, nakuba kungeyena wonke umuntu ongakwazi ukulizwa leli phunga.

Le nhlanganisela incibilika kakhulu emanzini, futhi ezixazululweni ezinamanzi, i-hydrolyzes ukukhiqiza i-hydrocyanic acid (HCN), igesi eguquguqukayo futhi enobuthi ngokwedlulele. I-sodium cyanide idume ngobuthi bayo obunamandla; kungabangela ushevu osheshayo nonzima kubantu nasezilwaneni. Ngisho nenani eliwumzuzu owodwa, lapho lingenwa, lihogela, noma limuncwa esikhumbeni, lingaphazamisa ukusebenza komzimba okuvamile futhi kuholele ekufeni. Umshini obangela umphumela wawo obulalayo usemandleni ayo okuphazamisa ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana. Uma isingaphakathi emzimbeni, ama-ion e-cyanide abopha ku-cytochrome oxidase, i-enzyme ebalulekile esinyathelweni sokugcina sochungechunge lokuthutha lwama-electron kumaseli. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ivimbela ukudluliswa kwama-electron, ivimbele amangqamuzana ekusebenziseni umoya-mpilo ngokuphumelelayo, ekugcineni kubangele i-cell asphyxiation kanye ne-tissue hypoxia.

I-Sodium cyanide isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezahlukene. Kwezokwakha izinsimbi, ikakhulukazi ekumbeni igolide, idlala indima ebalulekile. Inqubo yokukhipha i-cyanide, ehilela ukusebenzisa izixazululo ze -Sodium Cyanide , iyindlela evamile yokukhipha igolide nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu kuma-ore. Yakha ama-complexes azinzile ngegolide, okuvumela insimbi ukuthi ichitheke futhi ihlukaniswe nedwala elizungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithola ukusetshenziswa ekufakeni i-electroplating, lapho isiza khona ukufaka ungqimba oluncane lwensimbi ezindaweni, kanye nasekuhlanganisweni kwamakhemikhali, okusebenza njengesisekelo sokukhiqiza amakhemikhali amaningi e-organic kanye ne-inorganic, okuhlanganisa imithi, izibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nodayi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuthi bayo obukhulu, ukuphathwa kwayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kudinga izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho.

Ukusetshenziswa kweSodium Cyanide Emayini

Inqubo Yezimayini

Ukusetshenziswa kwe -sodium cyanide ekumbeni, ikakhulukazi ekukhishweni kwegolide, kuhilela uchungechunge lwezinqubo ezilawulwa ngokucophelela. Okokuqala, i-ore ivame ukuchotshozwa bese igaywa ibe yimpuphu ecolekileyo ukuze kwandiswe indawo yayo engaphezulu, okwenza kube lula ukuxhumana kangcono nesixazululo se-cyanide. Le ore ecoliwe ibe isixutshwa nesisombululo se -sodium cyanide esincibilikisiwe ematangini amakhulu noma ezitsheni. I-cyanide yakha ama-complexes ngegolide elikhona ku-ore, okuvumela ukuthi lincibilike. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-cyanidation noma i-leaching, ingathatha amahora amaningana kuya ezinsukwini, kuye ngezici ze-ore.

Ngemuva kwenqubo yokukhishwa, isisombululo esiphethe igolide sihlukaniswa nemfucuza esele eqinile, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-tailings. Igolide libe selitholwa esixazululweni kusetshenziswa izindlela ezifana ne-carbon adsorption, lapho ikhabhoni ecushiwe iheha futhi ibophe izingxube zegolide. Ngaphandle kwalokho, imvula ye-zinc ingasetshenziswa, lapho i-zinc powder yengezwa esixazululweni, okwenza igolide lihle liphume. Igolide elitholiwe liphinde licwecwe ngezinqubo ezinjengokuncibilikiswa ukuze kutholwe izigxobo zegolide ezimsulwa noma ezinye izinhlobo ezifanele imakethe.

Izinzuzo

Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ezimayini ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu ekukhishweni kwegolide. Ingancibilikisa igolide ngisho nakuma-ore asezingeni eliphansi, iyenze ibe namandla ngokwezomnotho emalini efakwa ezimayini ebingeke izuze inzuzo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela ezihlukile, njengokuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi noma ukuntanta, i-cyanidation ivamise ukuzuza amazinga aphezulu kakhulu okuthola kabusha, ngezinye izikhathi adlule ama-90% egolide elikhona ensimbini.

Ngokombono wezomnotho, ukusebenza kahle kwe-sodium cyanide kungenye into ebalulekile. Izindleko eziphansi zamakhemikhali, kuhlanganiswe nekhono lawo lokucubungula inani elikhulu le-ore, kunegalelo enzuzweni iyonke yeMining Operations . Kuphinde kuvumele ukusetshenziswa kwezinsalela zegolide ezincane nezisakazeke kakhulu, kwandise imithombo engaba khona yokukhiqizwa kwegolide.

Ukuphepha Ukukhathazeka

Ubuthi Izingozi

Ubuthi obudlulele be-sodium cyanide bubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yabavukuzi. Ukuhogela umoya noma ukuthinta isikhumba ngisho nenani elincane le-cyanide kungaholela kubuthi obunzima. Izimpawu zingasukela ekubeni nesiyezi, ikhanda elibuhlungu, isicanucanu, nokuba buthakathaka kuye ekulahlekelweni ukwazi nokufa ngokushesha. Kube nezigameko eziningi ezibuhlungu lapho abavukuzi, ngenxa yokuphathwa ngendlela engafanele noma ukuchayeka ngengozi, babhekane nemiphumela ebulalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izimayini zegolide ezingekho emthethweni ezindaweni eziqhelile, abavukuzi abangenazo izinto zokuphepha ezifanele kanye nokuqeqeshwa baye bahogela igesi ye-cyanide, okubangele ukuba bangakwazi ukusebenza ngokushesha futhi, ezimweni eziningi, bafe khona lapho.

Impembelelo yemvelo

Lapho i-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa ezimayini, kunengozi enkulu yokungcoliswa kwemvelo. Uma ingaphathwa kahle, i-cyanide ingangcolisa imizimba yamanzi, okuholela ekufeni kwezilwane zasemanzini. Izinhlanzi nezinye izinto eziphilayo zizwela kakhulu ku-cyanide, futhi ngisho namanani amancane angaphazamisa amasistimu azo okuphefumula futhi abangele ukufa kwabantu abaningi. Ukwengeza, amanzi angcolile ane-cyanide angangena emhlabathini, aphazamise ukuvunda komhlabathi futhi angcolise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, okuwumthombo obalulekile wamanzi okuphuza emiphakathini eminingi. Imiphumela yesikhathi eside yemvelo ingaba yingozi kakhulu, iphazamise yonke imvelo futhi iholele ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo, ezifundeni lapho ukumbiwa kwegolide okusekelwe ku-cyanide kuye kwanda, imifula namachibi aseduze abone ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lezinhlanzi, futhi izimila ezizungezile nazo zibe nomthelela omubi ngenxa yokuwohloka kwenhlabathi.

Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Nemithethonqubo

Imikhuba Yenkampani Yezimayini

Izinkampani zezimayini ezisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kumele zenze izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile. Okokuqala, izinhlelo ezifanele zokungenisa umoya zibalulekile. Ezindaweni lapho i-cyanide igcinwa khona, iphathwa, noma isetshenziswa khona, njengezindawo zokucubungula insimbi nezindawo zokucwilisa, ukungena komoya okwanele kuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukunqwabelana kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide kuyancishiswa. Lokhu kuhilela ukufaka izifeni ezikhipha umoya ezinamandla kanye nokudonsa umoya ukuze ukhiphe umoya ngokuqhubekayo bese ufaka umoya omusha esikhundleni sawo.

Izisetshenziswa zokuvikela umuntu (i-PPE) akuxoxiswana ngazo. Abasebenzi kufanele bahlinzekwe futhi badingeke ukuthi bagqoke amasudi avikela umzimba wonke enziwe ngezinto ezimelana namakhemikhali ukuvikela ukuthintana kwesikhumba. Ukuvikela ukuphefumula, okufana namamaski egesi anezihlungi ezifanele ezikwazi ukubamba umhwamuko we-cyanide, kubalulekile. Amagilavu ​​nezibuko zokuphepha nakho kuba yingxenye yenhlanganisela evamile ye-PPE.

Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ziyisisekelo sokuphepha. Bonke abasebenzi abathintekayo kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yokuphatha i-cyanide kumele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukufunda mayelana nezakhiwo zekhemikhali, ubuthi, kanye nezinqubo ezifanele zokusetshenziswa kwalo. Kufanele baqeqeshelwe ukubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo, njengokuthi balunikeza kanjani usizo lokuqala uma benoshevu we-cyanide nokuthi bangaphuma kanjani ngokuphepha uma kwenzeka kuchitheka noma kuvuza.

Ukuhlolwa nokunakekelwa kwemishini njalo kubalulekile. Amathangi, amapayipi, amavalvu, nezinye izingqalasizinda ezisetshenziswa enqubweni ye-cyanide kufanele zihlolwe njalo ukuze kubhekwe izimpawu zokugqwala, ukuvuza, noma omunye umonakalo. Noma yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezinephutha kufanele zilungiswe noma zishintshwe ngokushesha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhishwa ngengozi.

Izinhlelo zokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo kufanele zibe khona futhi ziphindaphindwe njalo. Esimeni sokuchitheka noma ukuvuza kwe-cyanide, kufanele kube nemithetho elandelwayo ecacile yokukhipha abasebenzi, equkethe ukuchitheka, kanye nokuqalisa izinqubo zokuhlanza. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuba namathimba ezimo eziphuthumayo esizeni ahlonyiswe ngamathuluzi adingekayo nezinto zokwakha, njengamaphedi amuncayo, ama-agent athambisayo, namashawa okukhipha ukungcola.

Amazinga Okulawula

Zombili izinhlangano ezilawulayo zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe zenze iziqondiso eziqinile zokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ezimayini. Le mithethonqubo ihlanganisa zonke izici zomjikelezo wayo wokuphila, kusukela ekukhiqizeni kuye ekulahleni.

Emazweni amaningi, ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium cyanide kunqunyelwe ezindaweni ezimbalwa ezigunyaziwe okufanele zihambisane nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuphepha kanye nemvelo. Lezi zitshalo zingaphansi kokuhlolwa njalo yiziphathimandla zokulawula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa komthetho.

Imithetho yezokuthutha iyalela ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwe-cyanide kubhalwe ngokucacile njengezinto eziyingozi. Iziqukathi ezikhethekile nezimoto, ezihlome ngezici zokuphepha ezifana nezinhlelo zokuqukatha ukuchitheka kanye nezinsiza zokuphendula izimo eziphuthumayo, ziyadingeka. Abashayeli nabasebenzi bezokuthutha kufanele babe nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kanye namalayisense okusingatha le mpahla eyingozi.

Indawo yokugcina i-sodium cyanide kufanele ihlangabezane nemibandela eqinile. Kufanele zibe kude nezindawo ezinabantu abaningi kanye nemithombo yamanzi, zibe nothango oluvikelekile, izilawuli zokungena, nezinhlelo zokuqapha. Izakhiwo zesitoreji kufanele zakhelwe ukuvikela ukuvuza nokuchitheka, ngephansi elingangeneli kanye nezinhlelo zokuqukatha zesibili.

Mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwayo ezimayini, kuvame ukuba nemikhawulo ekugxiliseni nasebuningini be-cyanide engasetshenziswa. Izinkampani zezimayini kumele futhi zilethe ukuhlola okunemininingwane yomthelela kwemvelo kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha, ezihlanganisa nezinyathelo zokuvimbela kanye nokunciphisa noma yikuphi ukukhishwa kwe-cyanide okungenzeka kube khona.

Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezivumelwano, ezifana nalezo ezihlobene nokungcoliswa kwemingcele kanye nokulawulwa kwemfucuza eyingozi, ziphinde zilawule ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe asebenzisana ukuze avimbele ukusabalala kokungcoliswa kwe-cyanide emingceleni futhi kugqugquzelwe izinqubo zokumba esimeme emhlabeni jikelele.

Isiphetho

Ekuphetheni, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ekumbeni kuyinkinga eyinkimbinkimbi edinga ibhalansi ebucayi phakathi kwezinzuzo zezomnotho kanye nokukhathazeka ngokuphepha. Nakuba ubuthi bayo kanye namathuba ayo okulimala kwemvelo kungenakunakwa, lapho kusetshenziswa izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele yizinkampani zezimayini futhi kuqiniswa izindinganiso zomthetho eziqinile, izingozi ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwayo zingancishiswa kakhulu.

Imisebenzi yezimayini esebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kumele ibheke ukuphepha njengengxenye ebalulekile yemodeli yabo yebhizinisi. Ngokutshala imali ezinhlelweni zokungenisa umoya ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ukuhlinzeka nge-PPE ephelele, kanye nokwenza ukuqeqeshwa okuvamile nokunakekelwa kwemishini, bangavikela abasebenzi babo ezingozini ezisheshayo zokuchayeka kwe-cyanide. Ukwengeza, ukuthobela imihlahlandlela yemithetho emayelana nokugcinwa, ezokuthutha, nokulahlwa kwemfucuza kusiza ukuvikela imvelo nemiphakathi ezungezile.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ucwaningo oluqhubekayo lwezinye izindlela zokukhipha igolide kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obunobungani bemvelo kunikeza ithemba ngekusasa lapho imboni yezimayini inganciphisa ukuthembela kwayo kumakhemikhali anobuthi obukhulu njenge-sodium cyanide. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo nokuzibophezela ekuphepheni, ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ezimayini kungaphathwa ngendlela enciphisa ukulimala futhi kwandise izinzuzo zezomnotho ezihlinzekayo.