Ikhwalithi Yomkhiqizo Namazinga Okuphepha e-Sodium Cyanide

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN) iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enobuthi obuphezulu kanye nokusebenza okubanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, njengokukhipha igolide ezimayini, i-electroplating, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali. Njengoba kunikezwe ubuthi bayo obukhulu, ikhwalithi eqinile kanye Izindinganiso zokuphepha kumele kulandelwe kuzo zonke izigaba ezibandakanya I-sodium cyanide, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa, ukugcinwa, ukuthutha, nokusetshenziswa. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo namazinga okuphepha we I-Sodium Cyanide.

I. Amazinga Ekhwalithi Yomkhiqizo

1. Izidingo Zobumsulwa

• Imboni - Ibanga Eliqinile Sodium Cyanide: Ngokuvumelana namazinga afanelekile kazwelonke nawamazwe ngamazwe (njengendinganiso yase-China), ubumsulwa bokuqinile i-sodium cyanide ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini inamabanga ahlukene. Isibonelo, okuqukethwe komkhiqizo wezinga eliphezulu kufanele kufinyelele ku-98.0% noma ngaphezulu, kuyilapho lokho komkhiqizo ofanelekayo kufanele okungenani kube ngu-87.0%. I-sodium cyanide ehlanzekile kakhulu ibalulekile ezimbonini ezifana nokukhipha igolide. Enqubweni yokumba igolide, i-sodium cyanide ephakeme - ehlanzekile ingasabela ngempumelelo kakhulu ngegolide - equkethe ama-ore, ithuthukise izinga lokumbiwa kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola okungadingekile enqubweni yokuhlukanisa elandelayo.

• Isixazululo se-Industrial - Grade Sodium Cyanide Solution: Ngezixazululo ze-sodium cyanide, ukugxilisa ingqondo futhi kudinga ukuhlangabezana namazinga athile. Imvamisa, ukugcwala kwe-sodium cyanide esixazululweni kuchazwa ngokucacile ngokuya ngezimo ezahlukahlukene zohlelo lokusebenza. Isixazululo kufanele sibe isixazululo samanzi esicacile, esingenambala noma esiphuzi kancane ngaphandle kokungcola okubonakalayo.

2. Ukulawula Ukungcola

• Ukungcola Okungajwayelekile:

• Okuqukethwe kwe-Carbonate: Okuqukethwe kwe-sodium carbonate ku-sodium cyanide kulawulwa ngokuqinile. Ku-sodium cyanide eqinile, okuqukethwe kwe-sodium carbonate emabangeni ahlukene kulawulwa. Isibonelo, kumkhiqizo webanga eliphezulu, akufanele kube ngaphezu kuka-0.5%, kumkhiqizo wesigaba sokuqala, kungabi ngaphezu kuka-2.0%, futhi kumkhiqizo ofanelekayo, kungabi ngaphezu kuka-3.0%. I-carbonate eyeqile ingathinta ukusebenza kahle kokusabela kwezinye izinqubo zamakhemikhali. Isibonelo, ekufakeni i-electroplating, kungase kuphazamise ukufakwa kwama-ion ensimbi, okuholela ekungqimbeni okungalingani kwe-electroplated.

• Okuqukethwe kweHydroksidi: Okuqukethwe kwe-sodium hydroxide nakho kunemikhawulo ehambisanayo. Ku-sodium cyanide eqinile, okuqukethwe kwe-sodium hydroxide emabangeni ahlukene kuyahlukahluka. Isibonelo, kumkhiqizo wezinga eliphezulu, akufanele kube ngaphezu kuka-0.5%, kumkhiqizo wesigaba sokuqala, kungabi ngaphezu kuka-1.0%, futhi kumkhiqizo ofanelekayo, kungabi ngaphezu kuka-1.5%. Amazinga aphezulu e-sodium hydroxide angashintsha ivelu ye-pH yesistimu yokusabela, engahambisani nenqubekelaphambili evamile kokunye ukusabela okudinga ububanzi obuthile be-pH.

• Ukungcola Okuphilayo: Ukungcola okuphilayo okufana nokufometha kudinga ukulawulwa ngokuqinile. Nakuba okuqukethwe okuvunyelwe kuphansi kakhulu, ukufometha okweqile kungaphazamisa ukusabela okuthile kwamakhemikhali. Isibonelo, kwezinye izimo ze-organic synthesis, i-formate ingase ibambe iqhaza ekuphenduleni okuseceleni, ukunciphisa isivuno nokuhlanzeka komkhiqizo oqondiwe.

3. Izakhiwo Zomzimba

• I-Sodium Cyanide eqinile: I-sodium cyanide eqinile kufanele ibe sesimweni sezigaxa ezimhlophe noma ezinombala omncane noma izinhlayiya zekristalu. Ukubukeka kwayo kuyinkomba ebalulekile yekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ukuchezuka kombala noma kwezinhlayiyana kungase kubonise izinkinga ezinjengokungcola noma izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezingafanele.

• Isixazululo se-Sodium Cyanide: Isixazululo kufanele sibe sobala, singabi ne-turbidity noma imvula. I-turbidity noma imvula ingase ibe uphawu lokusabela kwamakhemikhali esixazululweni, njengokwakheka kukasawoti ongancibiliki ngenxa yokusabela nokungcola okusemoyeni noma okokuqukatha, okuzothinta ukusebenza kwesixazululo ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo.

II. Amazinga Okuphepha

1. Ukulawula Ukuhambisana

• Imithetho Kazwelonke Neyamazwe Ngamazwe:

• E-United States: I-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ibeke izindinganiso eziqinile mayelana nemikhawulo yokuchayeka kanye nezinqubo zokuphepha zokuphatha. ama-cyanides. Isibonelo, umkhawulo ovunyelwe wokuchayeka we-cyanide esemoyeni endaweni yokusebenza usethelwe ukuvikela abasebenzi ekuchayekeni ngokweqile.

• E-European Union: Umthethonqubo we-REACH (Ukubhalisa, Ukuhlola, Ukugunyazwa kanye Nokukhawulwa Kwamakhemikhali) ulawula ukusetshenziswa okuphephile kwezinto eziyingozi njenge-sodium cyanide. Kudinga ukuthi izinkampani zibhalise futhi zinikeze imininingwane enemininingwane mayelana nezakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa, nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezihlobene ne-sodium cyanide.

• E-China: "Imithetho Yokulawulwa Kokuphepha Kwamakhemikhali Ayingozi" ibeka izilawuli eziqinile kuzo zonke izici zokuphatha i-sodium cyanide, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa, ukugcinwa, ukuthutha, nokusetshenziswa. Amabhizinisi kufanele ahambisane nale mithetho ukuze aqinisekise ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nemvelo.

• Izimvume kanye Nelayisensi: Zonke izinhlangano ezihilelekile ekukhiqizeni, ekugcinweni, ekuthuthweni, noma ekusetshenzisweni kwe-sodium cyanide ziyadingeka ukuze zithole izimvume namalayisense adingekayo ngokuhambisana nemithetho yendawo. Lezi zimvume zikhishwa ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni okuqinile kwezikhungo nokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ziyahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezidingekayo zokuphepha kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

2. Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Ezigabeni Ezihlukene

• Storage:

• Ukukhetha Indawo: I-sodium cyanide kufanele igcinwe endaweni ezinikele, enomoya omuhle, nepholile. Indawo yokugcina kufanele ibe kude nemithombo yokushisa, ukuthungela, nezinto ezingahambelani. Kufanele futhi ibe sendaweni okungafinyeleleki kalula kubasebenzi abangagunyaziwe. Isibonelo, ukugcina i-sodium cyanide eduze nama-acids kuyingozi kakhulu ngoba kungakhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi obunamandla futhi evuthayo.

• Izidingo Zesitsha: Ukugqwala okufanele - iziqukathi ezingazweli futhi ezivalwe ngokuqinile ziyasetshenziswa. Ukuze uthole i-sodium cyanide eqinile, izigubhu zensimbi eziwugqinsi ezinodonga noma izitsha zepulasitiki ezinezivalo ezivikelekile zivame ukusetshenziswa. Ukuze uthole izixazululo ze-sodium cyanide, amathangi okugcina kufanele enziwe ngezinto ezimelana nokugqwala kwe-alkali, njengamamaki athile ensimbi engagqwali noma amathangi akhethekile anepulasitiki. Zonke iziqukathi kufanele zibhalwe ngokucacile ukuthi "poison" kanye "ne-sodium cyanide," kanye nezimpawu zengozi ezifanele.

• Izimo Zokugcina: Indawo yokugcina kufanele igcinwe yomile, njengoba umswakama ungasheshisa ukuwohloka kwe-sodium cyanide futhi kwandise ingozi yokukhiqizwa kwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Umswakama ohlobene endaweni yokugcina kufanele ugcinwe ungaphansi kwama-80%. Ukungena komoya kahle nakho kubalulekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunqwabelana kwanoma yimaphi amagesi okungenzeka avuzayo.

• Transportation:

• Okufakiwe: Iphakheji yokuthutha i-sodium cyanide kufanele ihlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile. Iphakheji yangaphandle kufanele iqine ngokwanele ukuze imelane nokuphathwa okuvamile ngesikhathi sokuthutha futhi ivikele isitsha sangaphakathi emonakalweni. Iziqukathi zangaphakathi kufanele zivuze - zibe nobufakazi futhi zivalwe ngokuphephile. Iphakheji kufanele futhi ibhalwe ngokucacile negama lamakhemikhali, izexwayiso zengozi, kanye nolwazi lokuxhumana oluphuthumayo.

• Izimoto Zokuthutha: Izimoto zokuthutha ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ukuthwala amakhemikhali ayingozi zisetshenziswa. Lezi zimoto kufanele zifakwe amasistimu okuvimbela ukuchitheka, izinto zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo, kanye nomoya ofanele. Kufanele futhi baveze izimpawu eziyisixwayiso eziyingozi njengoba kudingwa yimithetho yezokuthutha.

• Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabashayeli: Abashayeli abathutha i-sodium cyanide kumele baqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile ekuphatheni izinto eziyingozi. Kufanele bazazi izici ze-sodium cyanide, izinqubo zokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo uma kwenzeka kuchitheka noma ingozi, kanye nemithethonqubo yezokuthutha efanele.

• Ukuhlela Umzila: Umzila wezokuthutha kufanele uhlelwe kusenesikhathi ukuze kugwenywe izindawo eziminyene, izindawo zokuhlala, nezindawo ezinengcuphe enkulu yezingozi. Iziphathimandla zendawo kufanele zaziswe mayelana nokuthuthwa kwe-sodium cyanide, ikakhulukazi lapho udlula ezindaweni ezibucayi.

• Ukuphatha nokusebenzisa:

• Izinsiza Zokuvikela (i-PPE):

• Ukuvikelwa kokuphefumula: Abasebenzi kufanele bagqoke isivikelo sokuphefumula esifanele. Ezimweni ezijwayelekile, isiphefumula sobuso esigcwele esinesihlungi somoya sezinhlayiyana ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nekanisteri egunyaziwe yokuvikela i-cyanide kuyadingeka. Ezindaweni ezisengozini enkulu noma lapho ukuchayeka ngezinga elikhulu, kungase kudingeke amathuluzi okuphefumula azimele.

• Ukuvikelwa Kwamahlo: Izibuko ezimelana namakhemikhali noma isivikelo sobuso kufanele kugqokwe ukuze kuvikelwe amehlo ezinhlayiyeni noma ezinhlayiyeni zothuli ze-sodium cyanide.

• Ukuvikela Isikhumba: Amagilavu ​​angangeni enziwe ngezinto ezifana nerabha ye-butyl noma i-nitrile, kanye namakhava amelana namakhemikhali noma amaphinifa, kufanele asetshenziswe. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-PPE isesimweni esihle futhi ilingana kahle.

• Ukusethwa Kwendawo Yokusebenzela:

• ukupholisa: Indawo yokusebenza lapho kusingathwa khona i-sodium cyanide kufanele ibe nomoya omuhle kakhulu. Amasistimu okukhipha umoya wendawo kufanele afakwe ukuze abambe noma iyiphi intuthu noma uthuli olukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuphatha. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukugcwala kwezinto eziyingozi emoyeni futhi kuvikelwe impilo yabasebenzi.

• Izinsiza Zezimo Eziphuthumayo: Indawo yokusebenza kufanele ifakwe izinto zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo njengeziteshi zokugeza amehlo kanye nezihlambi zokuphepha. Uma kwenzeka ukuthintana ngengozi ne-sodium cyanide, abasebenzi bangageza ngokushesha indawo ethintekile ukuze banciphise ukulimala.

3. Ukusabela Okuphuthumayo kanye Nokulahlwa

• Izinhlelo Eziphuthumayo: Amabhizinisi aphatha i-sodium cyanide kufanele enze izinhlelo eziphelele eziphuthumayo. Lezi zinhlelo kufanele zibandakanye izinqubo zokubhekana nokuchitheka, ukuvuza, imililo, nokuchayeka ngengozi. Kufanele kwenziwe izivivinyo ezijwayelekile eziphuthumayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abasebenzi bayazazi izinqubo zokusabela.

• Spill and Leak Response: Uma kwenzeka ukuchitheka noma ukuvuza kwe-sodium cyanide, isenzo esisheshayo siyadingeka. Indawo kufanele ivalwe, futhi abasebenzi abangagunyaziwe kufanele bakhishwe. Abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe abagqoke i-PPE efanele kufanele basebenzise izinto ezimuncayo ukuze baqukathe ukuchitheka. I-sodium cyanide echithekile kufanele iqoqwe futhi ilahlwe ngendlela efanele ngokuvumelana nemithethonqubo efanele.

• Impendulo yomlilo: Njengoba i-sodium cyanide ingakhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi kakhulu lapho ichayeke emlilweni, izicishamlilo kufanele zihlonyiswe ngesivikelo sokuphefumula esifanele kanye nemishini yokuqeda umlilo. Amanzi, isihlabathi, noma okomile - izicishamlilo eziyimpuphu zingasetshenziswa ukucisha umlilo, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabalala kwezinto ezinobuthi.

• Ukulahlwa kwemfucuza: Udoti oqukethe i-sodium cyanide kufanele ilahlwe ngendlela efanele. Akufanele ikhishwe endaweni ngaphandle kokwelashwa. Izindlela zokwelapha zingase zihlanganise i-chemical oxidation noma ezinye izinqubo ezigunyaziwe zokuguqula i-cyanide enobuthi ibe izinto eziyingozi kancane ngaphambi kokulahlwa.

Sengiphetha, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye namazinga okuphepha e-sodium cyanide abaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephile nokusebenza kahle kwezimboni ezisebenzisa lekhemikhali enobuthi obukhulu. Ngokuthobela ngokuqinile la mazinga, singakwazi ukuvikela impilo yabantu, indawo ezungezile, kanye nenqubekelaphambili evamile yokukhiqizwa kwezimboni.