I-Sodium Cyanide: Into Ebaluleke Kakhulu kusukela ku-Industrial Synthesis kuya kumakhemikhali amahle

Isingeniso

Sodium i-cyanide, enefomula yamakhemikhali i-NaCN, iyimpushana emhlophe ecwebezelayo. Incibilika kakhulu emanzini futhi inephunga elimnandi le-alimondi elibabayo. Njengengxenye ebalulekile yamakhemikhali eluhlaza, I-sodium cyanide idlala indima engenakuthathelwa indawo emikhakheni eyahlukene yezimboni, ikakhulukazi ekuhlanganiseni izimboni kanye Amakhemikhali amahle.

Izakhiwo zomzimba nezamaCyctic

I-sodium cyanide iyisistimu ye-cubic crystal. Incibilika kakhulu emanzini futhi i-hydrolyzes kalula ukuze ikhiqize i-hydrogen cyanide, nesisombululo sayo esinamanzi esibonisa i-alkalinity enamandla. Iphuzu layo lokuncibilika lingu-563.7 °C, kanti indawo yalo yokubilisa ingu-1496 °C. Inokuminyana okungu-1.595 g/cm³. I-sodium cyanide inobuthi obukhulu, futhi ngisho nenani elincane lokuxhumana ngamanxeba esikhumba, ukuhogela umoya, noma ukumunywa kungaholela ekufeni. Lobu buthi obuphezulu bubangelwa ikakhulukazi i-cyanide ion (CN⁻) ekuyo, engahlangana ne-ferric ion emangqamuzaneni egazi, okubangela ukuthi amangqamuzana egazi alahlekelwe umsebenzi wawo wokuthwala umoya-mpilo, futhi ekugcineni kuholele ekufeni okusheshayo kwento ephilayo ngenxa ye-hypoxia.

Izindlela Zokwenziwa Kwezimboni

1. Andrussow Process: Le ndlela isebenzisa igesi yemvelo, i-ammonia, nomoya njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, nengxubevange ye-platinum-rhodium njenge-catalyst. Ukusabela kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Igesi yemvelo (ikakhulukazi i-methane) ihlangana ne-ammonia nomoya-mpilo phambi kwe-catalyst ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen cyanide, bese i-hydrogen cyanide isabela ne-sodium hydroxide solution ukuze ithole. I-Sodium Cyanide. Ukusabela kukonke kungavezwa kalula ngokuthi: CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O, HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Le ndlela inokukhiqiza okuphezulu kakhulu futhi ilungele ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni ezinkulu. Kodwa-ke, kudinga izimo zokusabela eziphezulu kanye nokulawula okuqinile kwezilinganiso zezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nemingcele yokusabela.

2. I-Light Oil Pyrolysis Method: I-ammonia ewuketshezi iyahwamuka bese ixutshwa namafutha alula ku-mixer bese ishisisa kuqala. Igesi ehlanganisiwe eshisiwe ingena esithandweni somlilo, lapho ukusabela kokuqhekeka kwenzeka ekushiseni okuphezulu (okungaba ngu-1450 ° C). I-petroleum coke isetshenziswa njengesithwali, kanti i-nitrogen isetshenziswa njengegesi evikelayo ukuze kuvinjelwe i-oxidation. Igesi eqhekekayo iqukethe i-hydrogen cyanide. Ngemuva kwezinqubo ezinjengokususwa kwe-ammonia, ukumuncwa kwamanzi, ukulungiswa, kanye nokufingqa, kutholwa i-hydrogen cyanide, bese isabela nesixazululo se-sodium hydroxide ukuze kutholakale uketshezi. i-sodium cyanide. I-sodium cyanide ewuketshezi ingagxiliswa futhi ifakwe amakristalu ukuze kutholakale i-sodium cyanide eqinile. Nakuba le nqubo inobuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe, iphinde ibe nezinkinga ezifana ne-desulfurization enzima nokususwa kokungcola kwe-hydrogen cyanide, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla omkhiqizo ophezulu, ubunzima obukhulu ekwelapheni "imfucuza emithathu", kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphakeme kakhulu.

3. I-Acrylonitrile By - Indlela yomkhiqizo: Enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-acrylonitrile nge-ammoxidation ye-propylene, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide ikhiqizwa njengomkhiqizo (inani lilingana no-4% - 10% wokukhiqizwa kwe-acrylonitrile). Igesi evela ku-reactor iqukethe i-ammonia eyeqile. Ngemva kokukhipha i-ammonia nge-dilute sulfuric acid, igesi yokusabela ingena embhoshongweni wokupholisa wokumuncwa kwamanzi ukuze imunce i-acrylonitrile, i-hydrogen cyanide, i-acetonitrile, ne-acrolein, njll. I-by-product i-hydrogen cyanide ibe isimuncwa isisombululo se-alkali ukuze kukhiqizwe i-sodium cyanide. Imikhiqizo etholwe ngale ndlela inokungcola okumbalwa kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwesibabule. Kodwa-ke, kunqunyelwe umthamo wokukhiqiza we-acrylonitrile. Njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa kwe-acrylonitrile e-China sekusondele ekugcwaliseni, futhi ukukhishwa kwayo kunzima ukwandisa kakhulu.

Izicelo ku-Fine Chemicals

1. Umkhakha Wezemithi: I-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlanganiseni ama-intermediate emithi. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuhlanganiseni ezinye izidakamizwa ezivamile ezifana penicillin, ibuprofen, uvithamini B6. i-folic acid, i-guanine, i-acyclovir, i-barbiturates, i-norfloxacin, i-caffeine, ne-berberine, i-sodium cyanide iyimpahla eluhlaza ebalulekile. Ibamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni okubalulekile emzileni wokuhlanganisa, isiza ekwakheni ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana omuthi futhi idlale indima ebalulekile kuyo yonke inqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwezidakamizwa.

2. Imboni Yezibulala-zinambuzane: Kuphinde kube yimpahla ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni izibulala-zinambuzane. Izibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile ezifana ne-glyphosate, i-paraquat, i-cyanazine, i-phenthoate, ne-isoprothiolane zonke zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide ezinqubweni zabo zokukhiqiza. I-sodium cyanide ihileleke ekuhlanganiseni izithako ezisebenzayo zezibulala-zinambuzane, inikeze izibulala-zinambuzane ezinezakhiwo ezithile zamakhemikhali kanye nezindawo zokubulala izinambuzane, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo nokuvimbela nokulawula izinambuzane zezolimo.

3. Imboni Yokudayi Nembala: Embonini kadayi, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza okuphakathi okubalulekile okufana ne-cyanuric chloride. I-Cyanuric chloride iyindawo ebalulekile ephakathi kodayi abasebenzayo futhi iphinde ibe yimpahla eluhlaza ekukhiqizeni izibani ezikhanyayo. Ibamba iqhaza ekuhlanganiseni odayi, inikeze odayi ngezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zombala nokushesha kombala, futhi ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni kadayi.

4. Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinhlanganisela Ezikhethekile Ze-Organic: I-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanganisela ezikhethekile ze-organic, njenge-cyanobenzyl kanye nemikhiqizo yochungechunge ephuma kuyo, i-iminodiacetonitrile, i-iminodiacetic acid (i-ester), imikhiqizo yochungechunge lwe-chelating agent (EDTA, DTPA, NTA) kanye nemikhiqizo yabo kasawoti yensimbi, i-glycine, i-hydroxyacetoni ye-hydroxyacetoni, i-organic chemicalstrile ukuhlaziywa, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-organic. Isibonelo, ama-chelating agents angasetshenziswa ukubopha i-ion yensimbi, edlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni kwamanzi kanye nezinqubo zokuhlukanisa i-ion yensimbi.

Ukucatshangelwa kokuphepha kanye nemvelo

Ngenxa yobuthi bayo obuphezulu, izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile kufanele zithathwe ekukhiqizeni, ekuthuthweni, ekugcinweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-sodium cyanide. Enqubweni yokukhiqiza, opharetha kudingeka bagqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele, okuhlanganisa igesi - amasudi aqinile, ama-respirators, namagilavu ​​okuzivikela, ukuvimbela ukuthintana ne-sodium cyanide. Izikhungo zokukhiqiza kufanele zibe nezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ezithuthukisiwe kanye ne-exhaust ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umoya wendawo yokusebenza uhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha. Ngesikhathi sokuthutha, i-sodium cyanide kufanele ihlanganiswe ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo efanele, ngokuvamile ezigubhu zensimbi ezivaliwe, futhi zihanjiswe ngezimoto ezikhethekile zokuthutha amakhemikhali ayingozi. Imizila yezokuthutha kufanele ihlelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe izindawo eziminyene nemithombo yamanzi. Endaweni yokugcina impahla, kufanele igcinwe endaweni yokugcina impahla enomoya omuhle, kude nemithombo yokushisa, imithombo yokuthungela, nezinto ezingahambelani njengama-asidi nama-oxidants. Indawo yokugcina impahla kufanele ifakwe izinto ezivuzayo - ubufakazi kanye nezindawo zokulwa nobugebengu, futhi isebenzise uhlelo lokulawula "lokukhiya kabili".

Mayelana nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, "imfucuza emithathu" ekhiqizwa ekukhiqizeni i-sodium cyanide kufanele iphathwe kahle. Amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide kufanele aphathwe nge-chemical oxidation noma ezinye izindlela ezifanele zokubola ama-ion e-cyanide abe yizinto ezingezona ezinobuthi ngaphambi kokuba akhishwe. Igesi ewudoti equkethe i-hydrogen cyanide kufanele ihlanzwe ngokumuncwa noma ngokushiswa ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wayo emkhathini. Udoti oqinile oqukethe i-cyanide kufanele ugcwaliswe ngokuphephile noma ulashwe ngezindawo ezikhethekile zokuhlanza imfucuza eyingozi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa komhlabathi namanzi angaphansi komhlaba.

Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide, naphezu kobuthi bayo obuphezulu, iyinto ebaluleke kakhulu embonini yesimanje. Kusukela ekuhlanganiseni izimboni kuya kumakhemikhali amahle, iye yaba neqhaza elibalulekile emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindlela zokukhiqiza ezisebenza kahle nezemvelo ze-sodium cyanide ziyahlolwa; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ohlelweni lokufaka isicelo, kwenziwa imizamo yokuthuthukisa izinga lokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide futhi kuncishiswe umthelela wayo omubi empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Ngokuzayo, i-sodium cyanide izoqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wezimboni kuyilapho ilinganisa kangcono ukuphepha, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza.