Inqubo Yokukhiqiza kanye Nentuthuko Yezobuchwepheshe ye-Sodium Cyanide

I-sodium cyanide (i-NaCN) iwumthombo wamakhemikhali obalulekile obalulekile, osetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni efana nokukhipha imayini yegolide, i-electroplating, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemithi ephakathi kwemithi. Yakho Inqubo Yokukhiqiza sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu yokuphindaphinda kwezobuchwepheshe, futhi okwamanje, uhlelo lwezimboni olubuswa indlela yokuhlanganiswa selwenziwe. Lesi sihloko sizohlunga ngokuhlelekile izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezijwayelekile ze I-Sodium Cyanide kanye nenqubekelaphambili yabo yezobuchwepheshe, futhi baxoxe ngezikhombisi-ndlela zentuthuko zesikhathi esizayo.

I. Ukuvela Kwezinqubo Zokukhiqiza I-Sodium Cyanide

1. Izinqubo Zangaphambili (Ngasekupheleni Kwekhulu Le-19 - Phakathi Nekhulu Lama-20)

Ezinsukwini zokuqala, ukukhiqizwa kwe i-sodium cyanide ikakhulukazi kuncike ekukhishweni kwemithombo yemvelo. Isibonelo, "inqubo ye-cyanidation yokukhipha igolide" eyasungulwa ngo-1887 yakhishwa ama-cyanides ngokucubungula izitshalo ezine-cyanide (njengama-alimondi ababayo). Nokho, le ndlela yayingasebenzi kahle, ibiza, futhi kunzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokusungulwa kwezimboni. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, usokhemisi waseJalimane uFriedrich Kahlbaum wasungula indlela yokuncibilikisa i-cyanide, eyalungiselela I-sodium cyanide ngokusabela i-calcium cyanide ne-sodium carbonate. Ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi zezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokuba lula kwenqubo, le nqubo yaba ubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile ezinsukwini zakuqala.

2. Ukukhula Kwendlela Yokuhlanganisa (Maphakathi Nekhulu Lama-20 kuze kube Manje)

Ngokuthuthuka kwemboni ye-petrochemical, indlela yokuhlanganiswa kancane kancane ithathe indawo yezinqubo zendabuko. Njengamanje, ngaphezu kwe-90% ye-sodium cyanide emhlabeni wonke ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izinqubo ezintathu ezilandelayo zokuhlanganiswa:

• Andrussow Process

Ukusebenzisa i-methane, i-ammonia, nomoya-mpilo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukusabela kwe-oxidation kwenzeka ngaphansi kwesenzo se-platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst:

Igesi ekhiqizwe i-hydrogen cyanide (HCN) imuncwa i-sodium hydroxide ukuze kutholakale isisombululo se-sodium cyanide. Le nqubo inezinzuzo zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingabizi kakhulu kanye namazinga okusabela asheshayo, kodwa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (1000 - 1200 ° C) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezisusa zensimbi eziyigugu kubangela izindleko eziphezulu.

• I-Light Oil Pyrolysis Method

Ukusebenzisa amafutha alula (njenge-naphtha) njengento eluhlaza, i-HCN ikhiqizwa nge-pyrolysis ekushiseni okuphezulu (1400 - 1500 ° C), futhi ukwelashwa okulandelayo kufana nalokho kwenqubo ye-Andrussow. Le nqubo ifanele ukukhiqizwa kwenani elikhulu kodwa isebenzisa amandla aphezulu kakhulu futhi ikhiqiza inani elikhulu lekhabhoni emnyama njengomkhiqizo.

• Indlela ye-Methanol Ammonia Oxidation

Isebenzisa i-methanol, i-ammonia, nomoya njengezisetshenziswa zokusetshenziswa, i-HCN ikhiqizwa ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalyst (njenge-V₂O₅-MoO₃):

Le nqubo inezindleko eziphansi zempahla eluhlaza kanye nezimo zokusabela ezithambile (400 - 500°C), futhi kancane kancane isiphenduke inketho ekhethwayo yamandla okukhiqiza asanda kwakhiwa.

II. Inqubekelaphambili Yezobuchwepheshe Neziqondiso Zokusungula

1. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinqubo Eziluhlaza

Izinqubo zendabuko zinezinkinga zokusebenzisa amandla aphezulu kanye nokungcola okuphezulu. Eminyakeni yamuva, abacwaningi baye bahlola lobu buchwepheshe obuluhlaza obulandelayo:

• Indlela ye-Biosynthesis

Ukusebenzisa ama-microorganisms (afana ne-Pseudomonas) ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-hydrolysis ye-nitrile compounds ukukhiqiza Ama-cyanides, kodwa isesigabeni saselabhorethri.

• I-Electrochemical Synthesis

Ukugaywa kabusha kwe-sodium cyanide ngokufaka amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide nge-electrolyzing ukuze kuzuzwe ukugaywa kabusha kwensiza, kodwa ukusebenza kahle kwamanje kanye nezindleko zidinga ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe.

2. Ukulawula Okukhaliphile Nobuchwepheshe Bokuphepha

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium cyanide kuhilela izinto ezinobuthi obukhulu, futhi ukulawula ukuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu. Amafekthri esimanje ngokuvamile asebenzisa i-Distributed Control System (DCS) ukuze afinyelele ukuqapha okuzenzakalelayo ngokuphelele kwayo yonke inqubo, futhi ethule ubuchwepheshe bokuhlaziya okubonwayo okuku-inthanethi ukuze kuqashwe ukugxila kwe-HCN ngesikhathi sangempela, kuncishiswe ubungozi bokuvuza.

3. Imodeli Yomnotho Oyindilinga

Thuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ngobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ngokubambisana. Isibonelo, i-carbon dioxide ekhiqizwa ngenqubo ye-Andrussow ingasetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-urea, kanye ne-carbon black ekhiqizwa endaweni. I-Light Oil Pyrolysis Method ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuqinisa irabha, ukwakha uchungechunge lwezimboni oluvaliwe "lwezinsiza - imikhiqizo - imfucuza - izinsiza ezigaywe kabusha".

III. Izinselele kanye Nezitayela Zesikhathi esizayo

1. Ukushintshashintsha kwezindleko ze-Raw Material

Inqubo ye-Andrussow kanye nendlela ye-methanol incike kugesi yemvelo (i-methane) namalahle (njengento eluhlaza ye-methanol). Ukushintshashintsha kwezintengo zamandla omhlaba kuthinta ngqo izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ukuthuthukisa imizila yezinto ezingaphili (njenge-biomass kuya ku-methanol) kuyisihloko socwaningo esishisayo esikhathini esizayo.

2. Ingcindezi Ekhulayo Yokuvikela Imvelo

Ngokuqiniswa kwemithetho yomhlaba wonke yokuvikela imvelo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium cyanide kudinga ukuqhubeka nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-nitrogen oxides (NOx) kanye namanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa ama-Membrane, i-catalytic oxidation denitrification, nezinye izinqubo ziye zalingwa kwezinye izimboni.

3. Ukwandiswa Kwezicelo Ezisezingeni Eliphezulu

Isidingo se-high-purity sodium cyanide (ukuhlanzeka ≥ 99.9%) ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto ezandulela izinto ze-cathode zamabhethri e-lithium-ion sikhula ngokushesha, sithuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza ekuthuthukisweni nasekuhlanzekeni okuphezulu.

Isiphetho

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza i-sodium cyanide bekulokhu kuguqukela emigomeni emithathu emikhulu "yokuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokuluhlaza". Ngokuzayo, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe obusha bamandla kanye nokuvikela imvelo, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okujulile kokukhiqizwa kwedijithali, imboni ye-sodium cyanide izoqhubeka nokwenza ngcono ekuqondeni kokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, ukungcola okuncane, kanye nenani eliphakeme elingeziwe.