Ukwelashwa Okufanelekile Kwemfucuza Equkethe I-Cyanide Ekusetshenzisweni Kwesodium Cyanide

Isingeniso

I-Sodium Cyanide isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezahlukene ezifana nezezimayini, i-electroplating, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe- Sodium cyanide ngokungenakugwenywa kukhiqiza imfucuza equkethe i-cyanide , ebeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo uma ingaphathwa kahle. I-Cyanide inobuthi obukhulu futhi ingabangela umonakalo omkhulu ezintweni eziphilayo ngisho nangobuningi obuncane. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa izindlela ezifanele zokubhekana nalezi zimfucuza.

Izingozi Zemfucuza Equkethe I-Cyanide

Ubuthi Ebantwini

I-Cyanide ingangena emzimbeni womuntu ngokuhogela, ukumunca, noma ukuthinta isikhumba. Uma isingaphakathi emzimbeni, ingabopha ngokushesha ku-cytochrome oxidase emangqamuzaneni, ivimbele ukuphefumula kwamaselula futhi iholele ku-thishu hypoxia. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kungabangela ukufa okusheshayo. Ngisho nokuchayeka kwezinga eliphansi isikhathi eside kungase kubangele izimpawu ezifana nekhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, ubuthakathaka, futhi kwezinye izimo, izinkinga zempilo ezingapheli.

Umthelela Ezintweni Eziphila Emanzini

I-Cyanide inobuthi kakhulu eziphila emanzini. Ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu, kungaphazamisa imisebenzi evamile yokuphila kwezinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Kungathinta ukuphefumula kwabo, ukukhula, ukuzala kanye nesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba. Isibonelo, lapho ukuhlangana kwe-cyanide ion kungu-0.02 - 1.0 mg/L (phakathi kwamahora angu-24), izinhlanzi zingase zife. I-Cyanide futhi ingadala umonakalo wesikhathi eside kuzinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ngokunciphisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuphazamisa uchungechunge lokudla.

Imiphumela Ezitshalweni

Lapho izitshalo zichayeka ku-cyanide - equkethe udoti, ingaba nomthelela omubi ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukeni kwazo. Ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-cyanide kungavimbela ukukhula kwezimpande zezitshalo, kunciphise ukumuncwa kwezakhi, futhi kuthinte i-photosynthesis. Ezindaweni zokulima, lokhu kungaholela ekunciphiseni kwesivuno sezitshalo kanye nekhwalithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile asetshenziselwa ukuchelela ingase ingcolise inhlabathi, ithinte izinga lomhlabathi nokukhula kwezilimo ezilandelayo.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Imfucuza Ene-Cyanide

Indlela ye-Alkaline Chlorination

Isimiso : Le ndlela ilungisa i-pH yamanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide ibe ngu-8.5 - 9 bese ingeza ama-oxidant asekelwe ku-chlorine. Ama-oxidant asekelwe ku-chlorine, njenge-bleach (ikakhulukazi i-NaClO) noma igesi ye-chlorine (Cl₂, encibilika emanzini ukuze yakhe i-HClO), asabela ngama-ion e-cyanide (CN⁻). Esinyathelweni sokuqala, i-cyanide i-oxidized ibe yi-cyanate (CNO⁻), okuyinto engenabungozi kangako. Ukuxiliswa okwengeziwe kungaguqula i-cyanate ibe yi -Carbon dioxide (CO₂) kanye ne-nitrogen (N₂). Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kungachazwa kalula kanje:

CN⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ + 2H⁺

2CNO⁻ + 3ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂ + N₂ + 3Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

Izinzuzo Nokungalungile : Indlela ye-alkaline chlorination ilula ukuyisebenzisa futhi isetshenziswe kabanzi. Inganciphisa ngempumelelo okuqukethwe yi-cyanide emanzini angcolile ibe sezingeni eliphansi. Kodwa-ke, ifaneleka kakhulu ekuphatheni amanzi angcolile ngamanani aphansi e-cyanide. Uma inani le-cyanide liphezulu kakhulu, kuzodingeka inani elikhulu lama-oxidants asekelwe ku-chlorine, okungase kwandise izindleko zokwelashwa futhi kukhiqize ukungcola kwesibili.

I-Presurizing Hydrolysis Method

Isimiso : Kule ndlela, amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide afakwa esitsheni esivaliwe. Kufakwa i-alkali, bese amanzi angcolile ayashiswa futhi acindezelwe. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, i-cyanide ibhekana nokusabela kwe-hydrolysis. Ama-ion e-Cyanide asabela nama-molecule amanzi ukuze akhiqize i-sodium formate engenabo ubuthi (HCOONa) kanye ne-ammonia (NH₃). I-chemical reaction equation ithi:

CN⁻ + 2H₂O → HCOO⁻ + NH₃

Izinzuzo Nokungalungile : Indlela ye-pressurizing hydrolysis inobubanzi obukhulu bokuzivumelanisa nokugcwala kwe-cyanide emanzini angcolile. Ingaphatha futhi ama-compound e-cyanide ayinkimbinkimbi. Ukusebenza kulula kakhulu ngokwenqubo yokusabela. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela idinga imishini ekhethekile yokucindezela nokushisa, okwenza inqubo iyonke ibe yinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini kuphezulu kakhulu, okuholela ezindlekweni eziphezulu zokwelashwa.

Indlela ene-Acidized

Isimiso : Ngendlela yokufaka i-asidi, i-sulfuric acid ifakwa emanzini angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide ukuze kulungiswe i-pH ibe ngu-2 - 3. Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-asidi, i-cyanide emanzini angcolile iyasabela ukuze yakhe igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Njengoba ubukhulu begesi ye-hydrogen cyanide buncane, futhi kusetshenziswa isimiso sokulinganisela komfutho womoya, umoya udlula emanzini angcolile ukuze uthwale igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide ekhishwe ingafakwa esixazululweni se-alkali ukuze isetshenziswe kabusha. Ukusabela okuyinhloko kwamakhemikhali yilokhu:

CN⁻ + H⁺ → HCN↑

Izinzuzo Nokungalungile : Enye yezinzuzo zale ndlela ukuthi ingabuyisa i-Sodium Cyanide , enenani elithile lezomnotho. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela idinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kwezimo zokusebenza. Igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide inobuthi obukhulu, futhi noma yikuphi ukuvuza ngesikhathi senqubo kungaba usongo olukhulu emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka izinyathelo zokuphepha eziphezulu kanye nokuvalwa kwemishini.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Zebhayoloji

Isimiso : Amanye ama-microorganism anekhono lokubola i-cyanide. Ezindleleni zokwelapha zebhayoloji, ama-bacteria noma isikhunta esithile sisetshenziselwa ukonakalisa i-cyanide emfucumfucwini. Lawa ma-microorganism angasebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo we-carbon noma i-nitrogen ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezimpendulo ze-enzyme, ayiguqule ibe izinto ezingezona ezinobuthi njenge-carbon dioxide, amanzi, kanye ne-ammonia. Isibonelo, amanye ama-bacteria abhubhisa i-cyanide angaphula i-cyanide ibe ama-compounds angenangozi kakhulu ngezindlela ze-metabolic.

Izinzuzo Nokungalungile : Izindlela zokwelapha ngebhayoloji zinobungani nemvelo njengoba zingalethi inani elikhulu lama-reagent amakhemikhali. Zingaba zingabizi kakhulu ekwelapheni imfucuza equkethe i-cyanide enomthamo omkhulu, ephansi. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa ngebhayoloji kuncike kakhulu ezimweni zemvelo ezifana nokushisa, i-pH, kanye nokuba khona kwezinye izinto. Uma izimo zingafaneleki, umsebenzi wama-microorganisms uzovinjelwa, okuthinta umphumela wokwelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokwelapha ingase ihambe kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zamakhemikhali.

Okuqinile - Ukwelashwa Kwesigaba Se-Cyanide - Equkethe Imfucuza

Ku-cyanide eqinile - equkethe imfucuza, njengaleyo evela ezinsikeni zezimayini noma izinsalela zezimboni, izindlela zokwelashwa nazo zibalulekile. Enye indlela evamile iwukukhipha i-cyanide kudoti oqinile. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokungeza ama-agent athile abophayo noma iziqinisi. Isibonelo, ukwengeza usimende noma umcako emfucumfucwini kungakha i-matrix eqinile ehlanganisa i-cyanide, enciphisa amandla ayo okuvuza. Enye indlela ukusebenzisa ama-reagents amakhemikhali ukuze kusabelane ne-cyanide emfucumfucwini eqinile, kuyiguqule ibe yinhlanganisela encane encibilikayo noma enobuthi obuncane.

Izidingo Zokulawula kanye Nokucatshangelwa Kokuphepha

Izidingo Zokulawula

Emazweni amaningi nasezifundeni, kunemithetho eqinile mayelana nokwelashwa nokulahlwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe imfucuza. Isibonelo, i-United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) ibeke imikhawulo ethile yobuningi be-cyanide emanzini okuphuza (0.05 mg/L) namanzi emvelo (0.20 mg/L). Emanzini angcolile ezimbonini, ubuningi obukhulu be-cyanide bulawulwa, ngokuvamile buba ngu-0.50 mg/L. Izimboni ezikhiqiza i-cyanide - equkethe udoti kudingeka zihambisane nale mithetho. Kufanele basebenzise izindlela zokwelashwa ezifanele ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi amanzi angcolile alahliwe noma alahliwe - imfucuza ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezishiwo. Ukwehluleka ukuthobela kungaholela ezijezisweni ezinzima, ezihlanganisa izinhlawulo kanye nokuvalwa komsebenzi okungenzeka.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwezokuphepha

Lapho uphatha i-cyanide - equkethe udoti, ukuphepha kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abasebenzi abathintekayo ohlelweni lokwelashwa kumele bahlonyiswe ngezinto ezifanelekile zokuzivikela (i-PPE). Lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-respirator obuso agcwele ukuvimbela ukuhogela amagesi anobuthi e-cyanide, amasudi amakhemikhali - amelana nokuvikela isikhumba ukuthi singathintani ne-cyanide - aqukethe izinto, amagilavu ​​eraba, namabhuzu enjoloba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zokusebenza kufanele zingene kahle ukuze kuncishiswe ukunqwabelana kwamagesi ahlobene ne-cyanide. Ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha okuvamile kufanele kuhlinzekwe kubasebenzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi bayazazi izinqubo zokuphatha ezifanele, izinyathelo zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo uma kwenzeka kuchitheka noma kuvuza, kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona ze-cyanide.

Isiphetho

Ukuphathwa kahle kwemfucuza equkethe i-cyanide ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwe- sodium cyanide kubalulekile ekuvikeleni impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo. Ngokuqonda izingozi zalemfucuza kanye nokusebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha ezifanele njenge-alkaline chlorination, i-pressurizing hydrolysis, indlela ye-acidized, noma ukwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo, singanciphisa ngempumelelo izingozi ezihlobene ne-cyanide. Ukuthobela izidingo zomthetho kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha enkambisweni yokwelapha nakho kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile ekuphatheni imfucuza equkethe i-cyanide. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko kule ndawo kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha, okwenza busebenze kahle, bube ngcono, bube nobungane nemvelo.