Ukuqhathaniswa phakathi kwe-Atmospheric kanye ne-Pressure Leaching in Gold Mine Mine Cyanidation Process

1. Isingeniso

I-Cyanidation inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhishweni kwegolide ema-ore. Phakathi kwezindlela zayo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene, i-atmospheric leaching kanye ne-pressure leaching yizindlela ezimbili ezibalulekile. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwazo kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono inqubo yokukhipha igolide, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokunciphisa izindleko. Lesi sihloko sizokwenza ukuqhathanisa okuningiliziwe phakathi kwe-atmospheric leaching kanye ne-pressure leaching enqubweni ye- cyanidation yemayini yegolide.

2. Isimiso seCyanidation Leaching

Ukukhishwa kwe-cyanidation kusekelwe ekusabeleni kwegolide ne- cyanide lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo. I-equation yamakhemikhali ejwayelekile imi kanje:

4Au + 8CN⁻+ O₂ + 2H₂O → 4[Au(CN)₂]⁻+ 4OH⁻

Kule ndlela yokusabela, igolide lakha igolide elincibilikayo - i-cyanide complexes, engahlukaniswa futhi ibuyiselwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ku-atmospheric noma i-pressure leaching, lesi simiso sokusabela esiyisisekelo sihlala sinjalo. Kodwa-ke, izimo zokusabela kanye ne-kinetics zithintwa yisici sokucindezela.

3. Ukuqhathanisa Ukusebenza Ngempumelelo Kwe-Leaching

3.1 I-Atmospheric Leaching

I-atmospheric leaching ngokuvamile isebenza ezingeni lokushisa elizungezile kanye nokucindezela. Kwamanye ama-ore egolide alula, njengalawo anengxenye ephezulu yegolide lokugaya, i-atmospheric leaching ingazuza imiphumela emihle. Kodwa-ke, kuma-ores ayinkimbinkimbi aqukethe inani elikhulu lamaminerali e-sulfide noma ezinye izakhi eziphikisayo, ukusebenza kahle kwe-leaching ye-atmospheric leaching ngokuvamile kunomkhawulo. Isilinganiso sokusabela esinensayo nokusabela okungaphelele kungase kuholele esilinganisweni esiphansi segolide sokucwiliswa. Isibonelo, uma usebenzisana nezinsimbi zegolide eziqukethe i-pyrite, isibabule ku-pyrite singase sisabele nge-oxygen ne-cyanide ngesikhathi se-atmospheric leaching, sisebenzisa umoya-mpilo ne-cyanide, futhi ngaleyo ndlela sivimbele ukuchithwa kwegolide. Sekukonke, izinga legolide lokucwiliswa kwegolide ekucwilisweni komkhathi libalelwa ku-60% - 85% kuma-ore ajwayelekile.

3.2 I-Pressure Leaching

I-pressure leaching, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo zengcindezi ephakeme. Ukwanda kwengcindezi kungakhuphula kakhulu ukuncibilika komoya-mpilo esixazululweni se-leaching. Ngokomthetho kaHenry, ukucindezela okuphezulu kuholela ekucindezelweni okuphezulu kwengxenye yomoya-mpilo, okubuye kwandise ukugcwala komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe esixazululweni. Lokhu kuphefumula okuphezulu kwe-oksijeni okuncibilikisiwe kungasheshisa i-oxidation yegolide kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zegolide - i-cyanide. Ngama-ore egolide aphikisayo, ukucwiliswa kwengcindezi kungabhidliza izakhiwo eziphikisayo zamaminerali e-sulfide, kuveze igolide elengeziwe esixazululweni sokucwiliswa. Ngenxa yalokho, izinga lokucwiliswa kwegolide lingathuthukiswa ngempumelelo. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi kwamanye amatshe egolide aphikisayo, izinga legolide le-leaching of pressure leaching lingafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-90%, ngisho lifike ku-95% ngaphansi kwezimo ezilungiselelwe.

4. Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezimo Zokusabela

Ukushisa okungu-4.1

• Ukukhishwa Kwe-Atmospheric : Ngokuvamile kusebenza ekushiseni okuzungezile noma eduze, ngokuvamile cishe ngo-25°C. Njengoba ukusabela kungashukunyiswa ukushisa okuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okushisa kuphansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokushisa eliphansi lisho nokuthi izinga lokusabela lihamba kancane.

• Ukukhishwa Kwengcindezi : Ngokuvamile kudinga izinga lokushisa eliphakeme. Izinga lokushisa livame ukuba phakathi kuka-80 - 150°C. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lingasheshisa izinga lokusabela kwamakhemikhali, kodwa futhi lidinga amandla engeziwe okushisa uhlelo lokukhishwa.

4.2 I-Cyanide Concentration

• Ukuhlanzwa Kwemvelo : Ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide esixazululweni sokuhlanzwa kuvame ukuba phakathi kuka-0.02% - 0.1%. Kuma-ore anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kokungcola, ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide okuphezulu kungadingeka ukuqinisekisa umphumela wokuhlanzwa, kodwa lokhu kuzokwandisa izindleko kanye nengozi yemvelo.

• Ukudonswa Kwengcindezi : Ngenxa ye-kinetics yokusabela ethuthukisiwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi, ukuhlushwa kwe-cyanide okudingekayo kungaba phansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile cishe ku-0.01% - 0.05%. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide kodwa futhi kunciphisa nomthelela emvelweni obangelwa yizinsalela ze-cyanide.

5. Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezimfuneko Nezindleko Zezisetshenziswa

5.1 Izidingo Zemishini

• Ukuhlanzwa Kwesimo Sezulu : Imishini yokuhlanzwa kwesimo sezulu ilula kakhulu. Ihlanganisa kakhulu amathangi okuhlanzwa, ama-agitator, kanye namadivayisi okungenisa umoya. Amathangi okuhlanzwa awadingi ukumelana nomfutho ophezulu, ngakho-ke izinto zawo zokukhiqiza kanye nezindleko ziphansi kakhulu. Ama-agitator asetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuxubana okufanayo kwe-ore pulp, isixazululo se-cyanide, kanye nomoya-mpilo, futhi izidingo zamandla azo kanye nokumelana nokugqwala aziphezulu kakhulu.

• Ukuhlanzwa Kwengcindezi : Ukuhlanzwa kwengcindezi kudinga imishini ekhethekile engamelani nengcindezi, njenge-autoclaves. I-autoclave idinga ukwenziwa ngezinto ze-alloy ezinamandla aphezulu ukuze imelane nengcindezi ephezulu kanye nezimo zokushisa okuphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifakwe nezinhlelo zokulawula ingcindezi eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukulawula izinga lokushisa, kanye nokuvikela ukuphepha. Ukuklama nokukhiqizwa kwale mishini kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kudinga amazinga aphezulu obuchwepheshe.

Izindleko ezingama-5.2

• Ukuhlanzwa Kwesimo Sezulu : Izindleko zokuqala zokutshalwa kwezimali zemishini yokuhlanzwa kwesimo sezulu ziphansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphansi kokuhlanzwa kanye nesikhathi eside sokuhlanzwa, izindleko zokusebenza maqondana nomsebenzi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuvuselela isikhathi eside, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide kungase kube phezulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

• Ukuhlanzwa Kwengcindezi : Ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala emishinini yokuhlanzwa kwengcindezi kuphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yama-autoclave abizayo amelana nokucindezela kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa uma ucabangela ukusebenza kahle kwayo okuphezulu kokuhlanzwa kanye nesikhathi esifushane sokuhlanzwa, izindleko zokusebenza zizonke maqondana nomthamo wokukhiqiza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zingase zibe nokuncintisana okukhulu ekucutshungulweni kwe-ore enkulu nengaguquki.

6. Umthelela Wezemvelo

6.1 Insalela yeCyanide

• Ukuhlanzwa Kwemvelo : Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukuhlanzwa kwemvelo kungadinga ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-cyanide, okungaholela ezinsaleleni eziningi ze-cyanide ezinsaleleni. I-Cyanide inobuthi obukhulu, futhi ukuphathwa kabi kwe-cyanide - equkethe insalela kungaba usongo olukhulu emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu.

• Ukuhlanzwa Kwengcindezi : Uma kusetshenziswa i-cyanide ephansi, ukuhlanzwa kwengcindezi kukhiqiza insalela encane ye-cyanide emasakeni. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yemvelo ehlotshaniswa nokungcoliswa kwe-cyanide ngezinga elithile.

6.2 Ukusetshenziswa Kwezamandla kanye Nokukhishwa Kwesisi

• Ukuhlanzwa Kwesimo Sezulu : Nakuba kusetshenziswa amandla aphansi ekufudumaleni, ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside kokuthola imiphumela yokuhlanzwa eyanelisayo kungadla inani elikhulu lamandla kagesi okuvuselela nokungenisa umoya. Ngokuphathelene nokukhishwa komoya, uma inqubo yokungenisa umoya ingalawulwa kahle, ingabangela ukukhishwa kwamagesi athile ayingozi akhiqizwa yi-reaction.

• Ukukhuculula Ingcindezi : Ukusebenza kokukhipha ingcindezi ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokucindezela okuphezulu kudinga amandla amaningi okufaka ukushisa nokugcina uhlelo lokucindezela. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwayo kahle kusho ukuthi ngenani elifanayo lokukhiqizwa kwegolide, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele ngeyunithi ngayinye yegolide kungafana noma kube ngaphansi kunalokho kokukhipha igesi emoyeni uma kucatshangelwa amandla aphezulu okukhiqiza. Ngokuphathelene nokukhishwa kwegesi, uma uhlelo lokucindezela luvalwe kahle, ukukhishwa kwamagesi ayingozi kungalawulwa kangcono.

7. Isiphetho

Kafushane, kokubili umoya womkhathi nokucindezela inqubo ye-cyanidation yemayini yegolide kunezici zakhona. I-Atmospheric leaching ifanele ama-ores egolide alula anotshalomali oluncane kumishini ekuqaleni, kodwa inomkhawulo ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-leaching yama-ores ayinkimbinkimbi. I-pressure leaching, ngokuphambene nalokho, ikhombisa izinzuzo ezinkulu ekubhekaneni nezinsimbi zegolide ezingaguquki, ngokusebenza kahle kokucwiliswa kwamanzi, ukusetshenziswa okuphansi kwe-cyanide, kanye nomthelela omncane kwezemvelo ngokwezinsalela ze-cyanide. Kodwa-ke, kudinga imishini ebiza kakhulu kanye nokusebenza nokugcinwa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Lapho kukhethwa indlela yokucwiliswa kwamanzi, amabhizinisi ezimayini adinga ukubheka kabanzi izinto ezifana nezakhiwo zensimbi, isikali sokukhiqiza, isabelomali sokutshala izimali, kanye nezidingo zezemvelo ukuze enze isinqumo esifanele kakhulu.