I-sodium cyanide Leaching Effective: Izinto Ezithonya kanye Namasu Okuthuthukisa

Isingeniso

I-Cyanide leaching, ikakhulukazi nge i-sodium cyanide, sekuyisikhathi eside iyitshe legumbi ekukhishweni kwezinsimbi eziyigugu, ikakhulukazi igolide nesiliva, emizimbeni yensimbi. Kusukela yaqalwa izimboni ngo-1887. le ndlela iye yamukelwa kabanzi ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo okuphezulu kanye nezindleko - ukusebenza kahle. Nokho, le nqubo iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukusebenza kahle kwayo kuthonywa izici eziningi. Ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile ekwandiseni ukutholwa kwensimbi kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza ezimbonini zezimayini nezinsimbi.

Umgomo we-Sodium Cyanide Leaching

Sodium I-Cyanide, inhlanganisela engenambala futhi enobuthi kakhulu, idlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokucwilisa. Kusisombululo esinamanzi, ngaphansi kwe-alkali

izimo ze-e (ngokuvamile zigcinwa ngokungeza umcako), i-cyanide ama-ion (CN⁻) asabela ngegolide (Au) nesiliva (Ag) lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuvamile kwegolide cyanidation kungamelwa kanje:

4Au + 8CN⁻+ O₂ + 2H₂O → 4[Au(CN)₂]⁻ + 4OH⁻

Lokhu kusabela kwenzeka ngokugqwala kwe-electrochemical - ngendlela efanayo. I-oksijini isebenza njenge-ejenti eyenza i-oxidizing, yenza kube lula ukuchithwa kwegolide kusixazululo njenge-ion eyinkimbinkimbi ye-cyanide, [Au(CN)₂]⁻. Ngokufanayo, isiliva ilandela indlela yokusabela eqhathaniswayo.

Izinto Ezithonya Ngokusebenza Kwe-Cyanide Leaching

Izici ze-Ore

1.Usayizi Wezinhlayiya

• Usayizi wezinhlayiyana zokugaya ze-ore ubaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphambili ukukhishwa kwe-cyanide, ama-ore adinga ukucutshungulwa, ukuhluzwa, ukugaywa, nokuhlukaniswa. Kuma-ores anezinsimbi eziyigugu ezicolisisiwe noma ezimboziwe, ukugaya okufanele kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlukaniswa kwe-monomer. Uma insimbi isiphelile, ayikhulisi nje kuphela izindleko zokugaya kodwa futhi ibeka engcupheni yokufaka ukungcola okuchithekayo kumvukuzi. Ukwengeza, ukugaya ngokweqile kungakhinyabeza ukuhlukana okuqinile - okuwuketshezi, okuholela kudoti we-cyanide nokulahlekelwa kwegolide elincibilikisiwe. Isibonelo, uma usebenzisana nezinsimbi zegolide ezinegolide lemvelo elicolekile - elishunyekiwe nelimboziwe, usayizi wezinhlayiyana zokugaya ongu-38 μm onesilinganiso sokuqukethwe esingu-75% ngokuvamile uqinisekisa ibhalansi enhle phakathi komphumela wokuvuza nezindleko.

• Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma izinhlayiya zimaholoholo kakhulu, indawo engaphezulu etholakalayo ukuze i-cyanide isabele nezinsimbi eziyigugu ilinganiselwe, okuholela ekuphumeni okungaphelele kanye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha.

2.Izimbiwa

• Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ores zinezakhi ezihlukile ze-mineralogical. Ama-ores aqukethe amazinga aphezulu ethusi, i-arsenic, i-antimony, isulfure, noma i-carbon angabangela izinselele ekulethweni kwe-cyanide. Ngokwesibonelo, ithusi lingakha izinhlanganisela ze-cyanide eziyinkimbinkimbi, eziqhudelana negolide nesiliva kuma-ion e-cyanide. I-Arsenic ne-antimony nazo zingasabela nge-cyanide nomoya-mpilo, zisebenzise ama-reagents futhi zivimbele ukucwiliswa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu. I-sulfide - ores ecebile ingase idinge ukwelashwa kwangaphambili, njengokugazinga noma i-bio - oxidation, ukuveza izinsimbi eziyigugu ezivalekile futhi kukhishwe isulfure, okungase kuphazamise inqubo ye-cyanidation.

Ama-Chemical Reagents

1.I-Cyanide Concentration

• Inani la I-Sodium Cyanide okungeziwe kunomthelela omkhulu ku ukusebenza kahle kwe-leaching. Phakathi kwebanga elithile, ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide kulingana nezinga le-leaching ye-ore pulp. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-cyanide kuphansi kakhulu, umphumela wokukhipha igolide nesiliva umpofu, futhi inqubo ihamba kancane, ingenisa izindleko zesikhathi ezingadingekile. Ngokuphambene, lapho inani le-cyanide likhulu ngokwedlulele, ngemva kokuba ukusebenza kahle kwezinsimbi eziyigugu kufinyelele izinga elithile, ukwanda okwengeziwe kokugxiliswa kwe-cyanide akuholeli ekuthuthukisweni okuphawulekayo kokucwiliswa kwamanzi, okuholela ekumoshweni kwe-cyanide nokwenyuka kwezindleko zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, lapho ukhipha ukugxiliswa kwegolide ku- finely - embedded - izinhlayiyana - usayizi ore wegolide, a I-sodium cyanide umthamo we-1.5 - 3.0 kg/t uvame ukufaneleka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ekukhiqizeni kwangempela, umthamo ophelele kufanele unqunywe ngokusekelwe ezicini ezithile ze-ore kanye nokuhlolwa kokuzuza.

2. Umcako (i-Alkalinity)

• I-lime yengezwa kwisisombululo se-cyanide njenge-alkali evikelayo. Njengoba i-cyanide ions esixazululweni inamakhemikhali angazinzile futhi ingashintshashintsha kalula njengegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, ukugcina i-alkalinity efanele kubalulekile. Ukwengeza i-lime kwisisombululo se-cyanidation kusiza ukugcina i-pulp iku-pH efanele. Ngokokuhlaziywa kokuhlolwa, izinga lokucwiliswa kwegolide nalo lithuthukiswa kakhulu ngemva kokwengeza umcako. Uma inani lika-lime elengeziwe lingu-2 kg/t nangaphezulu, inani le-pH le-pulp ngokuvamile liphakathi kuka-11 - 12. futhi izinga legolide lokuvuza ku-pulp lifinyelela ezingeni elizinzile futhi eliphezulu.

Izimo Zenqubo

1.I-Slurry Concentration

• Ukugxiliswa kwe-pulp ye-leaching kuthinta ngokuqondile isivinini sokuvuza nokusebenza kahle kokugxila kwensimbi eyigugu. Ngokuvamile, i-pulp leaching ephansi yokugxilisa ingqondo enoketshezi oluhle ivumela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokugxila kwegolide nesiliva. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungase kudinge ukwanda kwenani lama-reagents angeziwe, kanye nosayizi abakhulu bemishini kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokutshala izimali. Ukulinganisa ukusebenza kahle kwensimbi eyigugu kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza, ukugxiliswa kodaka olufanelekile kufanele kunqunywe. Ezinsimbi ezinobukhulu bezinhlayiyana ezigxilile, ukugcina ukugxila kwe-pulp cishe ku-20% - 33% ngokuvamile kuqinisekisa umphumela omuhle wokuvuza. Uma ukugxilisa ingqondo kungaphezu kwalolu hlu, ukusebenza kahle kwezinsimbi eziyigugu kungase kwehle kunokunyuka. Ekukhiqizeni kwangempela, ukugxilisa ingqondo kungalungiswa ngokuvumelana nezimo ezithile, kodwa akufanele kusethwe phezulu kakhulu.

2.Leaching Time

• Isikhathi se-leaching siyisici esibalulekile enqubweni ye-cyanidation. Ukukhetha isikhathi esifanele se-leaching kuyadingeka ukuze uhlakaze ngokugcwele izinhlayiya zensimbi eziyigugu. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi izinsimbi eziyigugu zincibilika, okunye ukungcola ku-pulp nakho kuyaqhubeka nokuncibilika, okungathinta izinga lokuchithwa kwegolide nesiliva. Ukwelula isikhathi se-leaching kungase kungabi nenzuzo kuphela ekuhlakazweni kwezinhlayiya zensimbi eyigugu kodwa futhi kudinga imishini emikhulu yokukhipha amanzi kanye nendawo eyengeziwe, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise izindleko zokukhiqiza. Kuma-ores anosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezigxilile, ukugcina isikhathi se-cyanidation leaching cishe amahora ama-4 kuvame ukuba kuhle. Uma isikhathi se-leaching sidlula amahora angu-24, ukucwiliswa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu kungase kuvinjelwe, futhi ukuhlushwa kwe-ion yensimbi eyigugu kusixazululo kungase kunciphise.

3.Ukunikezwa komoyampilo

• Njengoba kuboniswe ku-chemical reaction equation, i-oksijini iyi-reactant ebalulekile enqubweni ye-cyanidation. Ukunikezwa komoyampilo owanele kukhuthaza ukufakwa kwegolide nesiliva, kusheshise ukusabela kwe-cyanidation. Ezilungiselelweni zezimboni, umoya uvame ukubhoboza ku-pulp yokudonsa ukuze unikeze umoya-mpilo. Uma ukunikezwa komoyampilo kunganele, izinga lokusabela lizohamba kancane, linciphise ukusebenza kahle kokucwilisa.

4.Izimo Eziyaluzayo

• I-Agitation isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-ore, isixazululo se-cyanide, nomoya-mpilo. Izimo ezifanele zokuyaluza zingathuthukisa izinga lokusabela ngokuqinisekisa ukuxubana nokusatshalaliswa okungcono kwama-reagents. Kodwa-ke, ukuyaluza ngokweqile kungabangela ukulimala kwemishini ezinhlayiyeni zensimbi futhi kungase kuholele ekwandeni kokusetshenziswa kwamandla.

Amasu Okuthuthukisa

I-Ore Pretreatment

1.Ukuthuthukisa Ukugaya

• Ukusebenzisa isimiso "sokuchotshozwa okwengeziwe nokugaya kancane" kungasiza ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nengozi yokugaya ngokweqile. Ubuchwepheshe bokugaya obuthuthukisiwe, obufana nokugaya isiteji esiningi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zokugaya ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kungaqashwa ukuze kuzuzwe ukusabalalisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana ofunekayo ngokunembe kakhudlwana.

2.Pre - ukwelashwa Amaminerali Ayinkinga

• Ngama-ores aqukethe amazinga aphezulu amaminerali aphazamisayo, izindlela zokwelashwa kwangaphambili kufanele zicatshangelwe. Ukugazinga kungasetshenziselwa ukususa isulfure futhi kufakwe oxidize amanye amaminerali aphikisayo, okwenza izinsimbi eziyigugu zifinyeleleke kalula ku-cyanide. I-Bio - oxidation, esebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukudiliza amaminerali e-sulfide, iphinde ibe enye indlela evumelana nemvelo kwezinye izinhlobo zensimbi.

Ukuphathwa kwe-Reagent

1.Cyanide Optimization

• Ukwenza izivivinyo ezijwayelekile nezinembile zokuhlomula ukuze kutholwe umthamo ophelele we-cyanide wamaqoqo ahlukene e-ores kubalulekile. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwamanye ama-reagents asekelwe ku-cyanide noma ukungezwa kwezivuseleli kungacutshungulwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwe-leaching ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide. Isibonelo, ucwaningo oluthile luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukwengeza ama-surfactants athile kungathuthukisa ukumanzisa nokusabela kwe-cyanide ngezinhlayiya ze-ore.

2.Ukulawulwa kwe-Alkalinity

• Qhubeka uqaphe futhi ulungise i-pH ye-pulp evuzayo ukuze ulondoloze ibanga elilungile le-alkalinity. Amasistimu okulawula i-pH azenzakalelayo angafakwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulungiswa okunembile nokufika ngesikhathi, kuncishiswe ubungozi bokushibilika kwe-cyanide kanye nokwenza ngcono indawo yokugezela.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwepharamitha Yenqubo

1.Ukulungiswa Kokugxilwa Kwe-Slurry

• Faka izinzwa ukuze uqaphe ukugcwala kodaka ngesikhathi sangempela futhi ulungise isilinganiso samanzi - ukuya - kwe-ore ngokufanele. Lokhu kungahlanganiswa ohlelweni lokulawula oluzenzakalelayo ukuze kugcinwe ukugxiliswa kodaka oluphelele ukuze kukhishwe kahle.

2.Leaching Time Optimization

• Sebenzisa amasu okuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela, njengokuhlaziya ukugcwala kwama-ion ensimbi eyigugu esixazululweni ngesikhathi sokucwiliswa, ukuze uthole isiphetho esifanele - iphuzu lenqubo yokucwilisa. Lokhu kungavimbela ukukhishwa ngokweqile futhi konge isikhathi nezinsiza.

3.I-Oxygen and Agitation Optimization

• Faka izinzwa zomoya-mpilo ukuze uqinisekise ukutholakala komoyampilo owanele futhi ozinzile. Lungisa ijubane lokuyaluza ngokusekelwe kuzici zensimbi nesiteji sokuvuza ukuze uzuze ibhalansi engcono kakhulu phakathi kokusebenza kahle kokusabela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.

Isiphetho

Ukusebenza kahle kwe-sodium cyanide leaching ekukhishweni kwensimbi eyigugu kuthonywa ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-ore - ehlobene, ehlobene - ne-reagent -, kanye nenqubo - izici ezihlobene. Ngokuqonda lezi zici nokusebenzisa amasu okuthuthukisa afanele, izimboni zezimayini nezensimbi zingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokucwiliswa kwamanzi, zinciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza, futhi zinciphise imithelela yemvelo ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nokuqanjwa okusha kwezobuchwepheshe kulo mkhakha kubalulekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo sezinsimbi eziyigugu ngendlela eqhubekayo nephumelelayo.n