Izinqubo Zakamuva Zokukhiqiza ze-Sodium Cyanide

1. Isingeniso

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN) iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ebalulekile esetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, njengezimayini zegolide, i-electroplating, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali. I Izinqubo zokukhiqiza of I-sodium cyanide bezilokhu zivela ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle, ukunciphisa izindleko, nokuthuthukisa ubungane bemvelo. Lesi sihloko sizokwethula izinqubo ezimbalwa zakamuva zokukhiqiza ze I-Sodium Cyanide.

2. I-Amonia - Indlela Ye-Sodium

2.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

Ngendlela ye-ammonia-sodium, i-metallic sodium ne-petroleum coke ifakwa kuqala ku-reactor ngesilinganiso esithile. Izinga lokushisa libe selikhuphukela ku-650 °C, bese kwethulwa igesi ye-ammonia. Njengoba izinga lokushisa liqhubeka likhuphuka libe ngu-800 ° C, ukusabela kwenzeka esikhathini esingamahora angu-7, lapho i-sodium eyinsimbi iguqulwa ngokuphelele ibe i-sodium cyanide. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-reactants ahlungwa ekushiseni okungu-650 °C ukuze kukhishwe i-petroleum coke eyeqile. Umkhiqizo oncibilikisiwe ube usukhishwa bese uphonswa esimeni osifunayo ukuze uthole imikhiqizo ye-sodium cyanide.

2.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo: Le nqubo inesimiso sokusabela esilula, futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-sodium ne-ammonia zivame kakhulu embonini yamakhemikhali.

• Okumbi: Izimo zokusabela okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa zidinga inani elikhulu lokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Futhi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-metallic sodium kubangela izingozi ezithile zokuphepha ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu.

3. Indlela ye-Cyanide Melt

3.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

I-Cyanide melt kanye ne-lead oxide yengezwa ethangini lokukhipha. Isilinganiso esijwayelekile sokuncibilika kwe-cyanide ku-lead oxide ngu (500 - 700):1. Ukwengezwa kwe-lead oxide kusiza ekususeni i-sulfurization ngokwenza i-lead sulfide precipitate. Uketshezi olukhishwayo lube seluvunyelwa ukuthi luzinze, bese uketshezi oluphumayo olucacile luqukethe u-80 - 90 g/L we-NaCN. Kujeneretha, lolu ketshezi luhlangana ne-sulfuric acid egxilile ukuze kukhiqizwe igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Ngemva kokujiya ukuze kukhishwe amanzi, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide ingena endaweni yokumuncwa bese isabela nge-alkali ewuketshezi (isixazululo se-sodium hydroxide) yenze i-sodium cyanide.

3.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo: Le nqubo ingasusa ngempumelelo ukungcola kwesibabule ngokufaka i-lead oxide, enenzuzo ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina.

• Okumbi: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-lead oxide kungase kuholele ezinkingeni zokungcoliswa kwemvelo ezihlobene nomthofu. Ukwengeza, inqubo ibandakanya izinyathelo eziningi ezifana nokukhipha, ukusabela, nokumuncwa, okwandisa inkimbinkimbi yokusebenza.

4. Inqubo ye-Andrussow (Indlela ye-Anshig)

4.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

Inqubo ye-Andrussow isebenzisa igesi yemvelo, i-ammonia, nomoya njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Okokuqala, igesi yemvelo igezwa embhoshongweni wokuwasha ngamanzi ukuze kususwe isibabule esingaphili kanye nengxenye yesibabule esiphilayo. Ngemva kokuhlunga, igesi yemvelo ehlanziwe kufanele ibe nokuqukethwe kwesibabule okungu-≤1 mg/m³ kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-hydroI-Carbons ngaphezu kwe-C₂ kufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-2%. I-ammonia ewuketshezi ifakwa umhwamuko ku-vaporizer, bese umoya uhlungwa ngesihlungi. Izinto ezintathu zokusetshenziswa zibe sezixutshwa ku-mixer ngesilinganiso se-ammonia:methane:air = 1:(1.15 - 1.17):(6.70 - 6.80). Igesi exubile ingena ku-oxidation reactor ene-platinum-rhodium alloy njenge-catalyst. Ekushiseni okungu-1070 - 1120 °C, kwenzeka ukusabela okukhiqiza igesi exubile equkethe i-8.5% hydrogen cyanide.

Igesi iyapholiswa bese ingena embhoshongweni wokumuncwa kwe-ammonia, lapho i-ammonia esele imuncwa i-sulfuric acid. Ngemuva kwalokho, ipholiswa ngamanzi futhi i-hydrogen cyanide imuncwa amanzi okushisa aphansi. Igesi yomsila ikhishwa ngemva kokuwashwa ngombhoshongo wokugeza i-alkali. Isixazululo se-hydrogen cyanide esimuncwa amanzi siwukushisa - siyashintshana bese singena embhoshongweni wokuncibilika. Phezulu kombhoshongo we-desorption, i-hydrogen cyanide enobumsulwa obungama-98% itholakala. Le hydrogen cyanide bese isabela nesisombululo se-alkali ukwenza isixazululo se-sodium cyanide, ephinde icutshungulwe ngokuhwamuka, icrystallization, ukomiswa, kanye nokubunjwa ukuze kutholwe umkhiqizo wokugcina we-sodium cyanide.

4.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo: Ezifundeni ezinemithombo yegesi yemvelo ecebile, izindleko zezinto ezingavuthiwe ziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Inqubo isikhulile uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni, futhi isikali sokukhiqiza singaba sikhulu uma kuqhathaniswa.

• Okumbi: Ezindaweni ezingenazo igesi yemvelo, ezithintwa izici ezifana nokushoda kwegesi yemvelo, izinqubomgomo, namanani, izindleko zokukhiqiza zingase zishintshe kakhulu. Izimo zokusabela kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu zidinga izinga lokushisa eliphezulu - okokusebenza okumelana nokushisa futhi kudla inani elikhulu lamandla.

5. Inqubo Yomlilo

5.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

Igesi yemvelo, umoya-mpilo, ne-ammonia kusetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe. Lawa magesi amathathu ahlungwa ngokuhlukana ukuze akhiphe ukungcola bese efaka umshini wokuhlanganisa ngemva kokuzinziswa nokubalwa kwamamitha. Ingxenye yomoya-mpilo isetshenziswa njengowomoya-mpilo oyinhloko wokungena ku-mixer, kanti enye ingxenye ifakwa ngqo ku-nozzle ukuze ithuthe. Izinto ezintathu zokusetshenziswa zihlanganiswa ngesilinganiso esithile futhi zithole ukusabela komlilo ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-hydrogen cyanide ekushiseni okungu-1500 °C.

I-reaction gas icishwa ngokufafaza amanzi bese ipholiswa endaweni epholile. Ibe isingena embhoshongweni wokumuncwa kwe-ammonia, lapho i-ammonia esele kugesi yokusabela imuncwa ngo-15% - 20% we-sulfuric acid, futhi i-ammonium sulfate ingatholwa. I-reaction gas equkethe i-hydrogen cyanide ipholiswa ngamanzi bese imuncwa amanzi okushisa okuphansi ukuze kwakhe isixazululo se-hydrogen cyanide esingu-1.5%. Lesi sixazululo sigaywa embhoshongweni we-distillation ukuze kutholwe i-hydrogen cyanide enokuqukethwe okungama-98% - 99%. Ekugcineni, imuncwa isixazululo se-alkali, futhi ngemva kokuhwamuka, icrystallization, ukomiswa, nokubunjwa, kutholwa umkhiqizo we-sodium cyanide.

5.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo: Le nqubo ingafinyelela ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen cyanide ephezulu ngokuqhathaniswa. Ukutholwa kwe-ammonium sulfate njengomkhiqizo kungaletha izinzuzo ezithile zezomnotho.

• Okumbi: Ukusabela kokushisa okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa kudinga inani elikhulu lokokufaka kwamandla. Le nqubo ihlanganisa nokusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi njengokuxutshwa kwegesi, ukuvutha, ukucisha, nokumuncwa, okudinga ukulawulwa kwenqubo yezinga eliphezulu.

6. I-Light Oil Pyrolysis Method

6.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

Amafutha alula kanye ne-ammonia kuxutshwe ku-atomizer ngesilinganiso esithile futhi kushiswe kuqala ku-280 °C. Ingxube ibe isingena esithandweni se-arc sikagesi ukuze iphendule nge-pyrolysis. I-petroleum coke isetshenziswa njengesithwali, kanti i-nitrogen isetshenziswa njengegesi evikelayo ukuvimbela i-oxidation endaweni evaliwe. Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-1450 °C, kwenzeka ukusabela ukukhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Khona-ke igesi iba wuthuli - iyasuswa, ipholiswe, futhi iqhutshekwe ngezinyathelo ezinjengokususwa kwe-ammonia, ukuwashwa kwamanzi, ukumuncwa, nokuhluzwa ukuze kutholwe i-hydrogen cyanide ehlanzekile. Ekugcineni, i-hydrogen cyanide isabela nesisombululo se-alkali (i-sodium hydroxide) yakhe i-sodium cyanide.

6.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo: Ubuchwepheshe benqubo buvuthiwe. Ingasebenzisa uwoyela omncane, into eluhlaza ejwayeleke kakhulu embonini ye-petrochemical.

• Okumbi: Kunobunzima bokukhipha i-sulfurization kanye nokususwa kokungcola kwe-hydrogen cyanide. Umkhiqizo unokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwamandla, futhi ukwelashwa "kwemfucuza emithathu" (igesi engcolile, amanzi angcolile, nezinsalela zemfucuza) kunzima. Izindleko zokukhiqiza ziphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa.

7. I-Acrylonitrile By - Indlela Yomkhiqizo

7.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

Enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-acrylonitrile nge-ammoxidation ye-propylene, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide ikhiqizwa njengomkhiqizo (inani lilingana no-4% - 10% wokukhiqizwa kwe-acrylonitrile). Igesi equkethe i-hydrogen cyanide imuncwa isixazululo se-alkali. Ngemuva kokuhwamuka, ukugxila, ukuhlukaniswa, nokomisa, umkhiqizo we-sodium cyanide utholakala.

7.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo: Lena inqubo yokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo ngamunye, engasebenzisa ngokugcwele izinsiza futhi yehlise izindleko zokukhiqiza ngezinga elithile.

• Okumbi: Ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium cyanide kunqunyelwe isikali sokukhiqiza se-acrylonitrile. Izinga lomkhiqizo we-hydrogen cyanide lingase lithinteke inqubo yokukhiqiza eyinhloko ye-acrylonitrile, edinga ukulawulwa okuqinile nokuhlanzwa.

8. Indlela ye-Methanol Ammoxidation

8.1 Umgomo Wenqubo

Umoya udlula kusihlungi kanye ne-pre-heater bese ungena esithandweni somlilo. I-ammonia ewuketshezi iyahwamuka futhi i-methanol iyahwamuka. Bafaka i-pre - heater exutshwayo bese besabela ngomoya esithandweni somlilo. Ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalyst esakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-Fe - Mo oxide, ukusabela kukhiqiza i-hydrogen cyanide. Igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide ingena embhoshongweni we-de -ammonia ukuze ikhiphe i-ammonia bese ithola i-hydrogen cyanide. Ekugcineni, imuncwa isixazululo se-alkali ukulungisa i-sodium cyanide.

8.2 Okuhle nokubi

• Izinzuzo: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-methanol ne-ammonia njengezisetshenziswa zokusetshenziswa kuvamile, futhi i-catalyst ingaphinda isetshenziswe futhi iphinde isetshenziswe ngezinga elithile. Inqubo ingalungiswa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokukhiqiza.

• Okumbi: I-catalyst izwela izimo zokusabela, futhi izinguquko ezincane kuzinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, kanye nenani lempahla eluhlaza kungase kuthinte umsebenzi nokukhetha kwe-catalyst, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte isivuno nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.

9. Isiphetho

Izinqubo zokukhiqiza ze-sodium cyanide ngayinye inezici zayo. Ukukhethwa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza kuncike ezintweni ezahlukahlukene njengokutholakala kwempahla eluhlaza, izindleko, izidingo zemvelo, kanye nesikali sokukhiqiza. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, izinqubo ezintsha zokukhiqiza zingase zivele esikhathini esizayo, okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kwemvelo kokukhiqizwa kwe-sodium cyanide. Njengoba isidingo se-sodium cyanide ezimbonini ezihlukene siqhubeka nokukhula, ukwenziwa ngcono kanye nokuqanjwa okusha kwezinqubo zokukhiqiza kuzodlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zemakethe ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa intuthuko esimeme.