Ubuchwepheshe Bokulawula Ukungcoliswa Kwe-Sodium Cyanide Embonini Yegolide

Isingeniso

The imboni yegolide kudala ethembele kuyo i-sodium cyanide enqubweni yokukhipha ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo ekuncibilikiseni igolide elisuka ezitsheni, ngisho nalezo ezisezingeni eliphansi. Kusukela yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-1887 ekukhishweni kwegolide nesiliva, indlela ye-cyanidation isiye yaba insakavukela emkhakheni wezimayini zegolide emhlabeni wonke. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuyisisekelo okuhilelekile ngu-4Au + 8NaCN + O₂+ 2H₂O → 4Na(Au(CN)₂)+ 4NaOH, lapho igolide elikwinsimbi liphendula i-cyanide ama-ion phambi komoya-mpilo ukuze akhe izingxube zegolide ze-cyanide ezincibilikayo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa I-Sodium Cyanide kuletha ubungozi obukhulu bokungcoliswa kwemvelo, okwenza ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqaliswa ukulawula ukungcola ubuchwepheshe bubalulekile.

Ukukhathazeka Kwemvelo Nokuphepha Okuhlobene Ne-Sodium Cyanide

Ubuthi kanye Nokungcola Kwemvelo

I-Cyanide iyinto enobuthi kakhulu. I-sodium cyanide waste liquid ingabangela ukungcoliswa okukhulu kwemvelo. Ngisho nangemali encane, ingaba yingozi empilweni yasemanzini futhi ibe usongo empilweni yomuntu uma ingcolisa imithombo yamanzi. Enqubweni yokukhipha igolide, ukulahlwa okungafanele kwe-cyanide - equkethe imfucuza kungaholela ekungcolisweni komhlabathi, amanzi angaphezulu, namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Isibonelo, kwezinye izindawo zegolide - zezimayini, ukuvuza kwe-cyanide - izinsalela ezinothile kubangele ukufa kwezinhlanzi emifuleni eseduze kanye nokwehla kwezinga lamanzi, okuthinta impilo yemiphakathi yendawo ethembele emanzini.

Izingozi Zokuphepha Ekuphatheni

Ukuthutha, ukugcinwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa I-sodium cyanide zidinga izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile. Kuyikhemikhali ekhethekile efuna ilayisense yokungenisa kanye nesitifiketi somsebenzisi ngaphambi kokungenisa. Ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, akufanele kuhlanganiswe nama-acids, ama-nitrites, ama-nitrate, nezinye izinto, njengoba ukuchayeka endaweni ene-acidic kungabangela ukukhishwa kwegesi enobuthi ye-hydrogen cyanide, kunciphise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nomthelela wokusetshenziswa. Kufanele igcinwe endaweni engenawo umoya futhi eyomile, okungcono endaweni yokugcina impahla ekhethekile noma ikhabethe elikhethekile elikhiywe kabili. Ukuhlolwa njalo, ukunakekelwa, nokulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama wendawo yokugcina impahla kuyadingeka, kanye nezinyathelo ezifanele zokungena komoya noma zokunciphisa umswakama. Indawo yokugcina impahla kufanele futhi ifakwe izifihla-buso zegesi ezihambisanayo, izifihla-buso, izinto zokuzivikela, nezinto zokucisha umlilo. Izingozi ngesikhathi sokuphatha, njengokuchitheka noma ukuvuza, zingaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele kubasebenzi nendawo ezungezile.

Ubuchwepheshe Bokulawula Ukungcola

Ukunciphisa Umthombo

1.Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenqubo

• Ezinye izimayini zegolide zisebenzisa izinqubo ezintsha zokumba ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-non-cyanide leaching agents kuyacutshungulwa. Nakuba indlela ye-cyanidation ihamba phambili, obunye ubuchwepheshe obufana nokusetshenziswa kwe-thiosulfate-based leaching agents kubonisa amandla. Lawa ma-non-cyanide ejenti angakhipha igolide ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ngaphandle kobungozi obuphezulu bobuthi obuhlobene ne-cyanide.

• Enye indlela ukuthuthukisa i-ore - inqubo yokugqoka. Ngokusebenzisa amasu okugaya nokuhlukanisa asebenza kahle kakhulu, igolide ku-ore lingagxiliswa kakhulu ngaphambi kwesinyathelo sokuleaching. Lokhu kunciphisa inani le-ore elidinga ukuphathwa nge-cyanide, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide kukonke.

2.Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezisetshenziswa

• Ukuthuthukisa okokusebenza nakho kungaba nomthelela ekuncishisweni komthombo. Isibonelo, okokusebenza kwegolide kwesimanje - okukhiphayo kuklanyelwe ukuthi kuvaleke kakhulu - iluphu, kuncishiswe amandla okuvuza kwe-cyanide. Amathangi okukhipha amanzi obuchwepheshe obuphezulu anezindlela zokuvala ezithuthukisiwe angavimbela ukuphuma kwe-cyanide - aqukethe amagesi noketshezi ngesikhathi sokukhipha.

Ukulawulwa kwenqubo

1.Ukuqapha Nokulungisa Ukusetshenziswa Kwe-Cyanide

• Amasistimu okuqapha isikhathi sangempela afakwa emisebenzini eminingi yegolide - ukuze kulawulwe inani le-cyanide elisetshenzisiwe. Lezi zinhlelo zingahlaziya ukwakheka kwe-ore futhi zilungise umthamo we-cyanide ngokufanele. Isibonelo, uma okuqukethwe kwegolide ku-ore kuphansi, isistimu inganciphisa inani le-cyanide elingeziwe, kuyilapho lisaqinisekisa ukukhishwa okuphumelelayo.

• Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kokuhlushwa kwe-cyanide kusixazululo se-leaching kuvumela ukulungiswa ngokushesha. Uma ukugcwala kwe-cyanide kuphezulu kakhulu, akumoshi nje kuphela izinsiza kodwa futhi kwandisa ingozi yokungcola. Ngokugcina i-cyanide egxilile, ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha kungakhuliswa ngenkathi kunciphisa umthelela wendawo.

2.Ukwelashwa Kwemfucuza Ephakathi

• Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha imfucuza ephakathi nendawo ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokukhipha igolide - inqubo yokukhipha igolide nayo iyingxenye yokulawula inqubo. Isibonelo, endabeni yezixazululo zemfucuza equkethe i-cyanide nokunye ukungcola, izindlela ezifana ne-ion - exchange zingasetshenziswa ukususa nokubuyisela izinsimbi ezibalulekile kuyilapho kunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-cyanide. Lokhu akusizi kuphela ekubuyiseni izinsiza kodwa futhi kunciphisa ubuthi bemfucuza ngaphambi kokwelashwa okwengeziwe noma ukulahlwa.

Ukwelashwa Amanzi

1.I-Chemical Oxidation

• Chemical oxidation is a common method for treating cyanide - containing wastewater. Hydrogen peroxide treatment is widely used. When hydrogen peroxide reacts with sodium cyanide waste liquid, sodium biI-Carbonate and ammonia gas are generated. This oxidation and degradation process is efficient and relatively economical. Other oxidizing agents such as ozone can also be used. Ozone has a strong oxidizing ability and can quickly break down cyanide compounds in wastewater, converting them into less harmful substances.

2.Ukwelashwa Kwebhayoloji

• Izindlela zokwelapha zebhayoloji nazo ziyavela njengenketho esebenzayo. Amabhaktheriya athile nama-microorganisms angasebenzisa i-cyanide compounds. Ohlelweni lokwelapha lwebhayoloji olwakhiwe kahle, lawa ma-microorganisms angakhuliswa endaweni lapho i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile idlula khona. Amagciwane ahlukanisa i-cyanide ibe isikhutha, i-ammonia, nezinye izinto ezingenangozi. Le ndlela ivumelana kakhulu nemvelo njengoba ingangenisi ezinye izinto ezingcolisa amakhemikhali, kodwa idinga ukulawula ngokucophelela izimo zemvelo ezifana nezinga lokushisa, i-pH, nokutholakala kwezakhi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula nokusebenza okufanele kwamagciwane.

Ukuphathwa Kwemfucuza Okuqinile

1.Ukulahlwa Okuphephile Kwe-Cyanide - Equkethe Imisila

• Ku-cyanide - equkethe i-tailings, ukulahlwa okufanele kubalulekile. Enye indlela ukusebenzisa izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu ezivikelekile eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwe-cyanide endaweni ezungezile. Lezi zindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu zilayishwe ngezendlalelo eziningi zezinto ezingangeneleli, njengobumba nolwelwesi lokwenziwa, ukumisa ukufuduka kwe-cyanide - equkethe ukungcola.

• Enye inketho ukwelapha ama-tailings ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwawo kwe-cyanide ngaphambi kokulahlwa. Amasu afana nokuqiniswa kwamakhemikhali angasetshenziswa ukubopha i-cyanide emisileni, okuyenza ibe mancane amathuba okuthi ingene endaweni ezungezile.

2.Resource Recovery kusukela Tailings

• Ngaphezu kokulahlwa okuphephile, kwenziwa imizamo yokuthola izinsiza ezibalulekile ku-cyanide - equkethe izinsalela. Ngokusebenzisa amasu okuhlukanisa athuthukile, igolide nezinye izinsimbi okungenzeka ukuthi zisekhona kuma-tailings zingakhishwa. Lokhu akunciphisi nje kuphela umthelela wemvelo wezinsalela kodwa futhi kunikeza inzuzo eyengeziwe yezomnotho. Isibonelo, ezinye izimayini zisebenzisa izindlela zokuntanta nezokuhlukanisa zikazibuthe ukuze kutholwe igolide namanye amaminerali emisileni, ukunciphisa imfucuza kanye nokukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza.

Case Studies

Isicelo seZijin Mining

I-Zijin Mining isebenzise ngempumelelo indlela ye-cyanidation isebenzisa i-sodium cyanide eMayini Yegolide yaseZijinshan. Ngokufafaza isixazululo se-cyanide (isixazululo se-sodium cyanide) ematsheni egolide agayiwe esezingeni eliphansi, bathole ukukhishwa kwegolide okunezindleko eziphansi. Nokho, baphinde bakunake kakhulu ukulawula ukungcola. Bafake amasistimu okuhlanza amanzi angcolile athuthukisiwe asebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-chemical oxidation nezindlela zokwelashwa kwebhayoloji ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile ihlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zemvelo ngaphambi kokuchithwa. Mayelana nokuphathwa kwemfucuza eqinile, basungule izindawo zokugcina izinsalela ezivikelekile ezinolayini olufanele kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwe-cyanide.

Imayini Yegolide Yesifunda Esingenamanzi esiseNtshonalanga

Emayini yegolide esifundeni esomile esisentshonalanga, inqwaba yefa lomlando - ukucwiliswa kwemisila ye-cyanide bekuyinkinga enkulu yezemvelo. Imisila, eyayishiywe isikhathi eside inganakiwe, ibeka engcupheni yokungcolisa inhlabathi ezungezile namanzi angaphansi. Ukuze kubhekwane nalolu daba, kwasetshenziswa indlela yokuvala nokuvimbela in-situ. Imisila yayimbozwe ngezendlalelo eziningi zezinto ezingenamanzi, okuhlanganisa ubumba nama-geomembranes. Lokhu kuvimbe ngempumelelo ukusabalala nokugeleza kwezinto ezingcolisayo ngenxa yemvula. Ngemva kokuqaliswa kwephrojekthi, imiphumela yokuqapha yabonisa ukuthi ukugcwala kwe-cyanide nokunye ukungcola endaweni ezungezile kwehle kakhulu, kwafeza izinhloso zobunjiniyela ezilindelekile.

Amathrendi Akusasa

1.Ukuthuthukiswa Kobuchwephesha Be-Cyanide Extraction

• Imboni yegolide kulindeleke ukuthi ibone eminye imizamo yocwaningo kanye nentuthuko egxile kubuchwepheshe bokumba i-cyanide. Njengoba imithetho yezemvelo iba lukhuni futhi nokuqwashisa komphakathi ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo kukhula, isidingo sezindlela ezingezona ezinobuthi zizokhula. Lokhu kungase kuholele ekuhwebeni kwama-ejenti amasha angewona ama-cyanide kanye nezinqubo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.

2.Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinhlelo Ezithuthukile Zokuqapha Nokulawula

• Izinhlelo zokuqapha nokulawula ezithuthukile zizodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu embonini yegolide. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT), isibonelo, kungavumela ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela sokusetshenziswa kwe-cyanide, ikhwalithi yamanzi angcolile, kanye nesimo sezindawo zokugcina izinsalela. Le datha ingahlaziywa ngesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela ukulungiswa ngokushesha enqubweni yokukhipha ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha.

3.Izindlela Zomnotho Oyindilinga

• Kuzogxilwa kakhulu ezindleleni zomnotho oyindilinga embonini yegolide. Lokhu akubandakanyi nje kuphela ukutholwa kwegolide nezinye izinsimbi ezibalulekile emisileni kodwa nokugaywa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi nezinye izinsiza ohlelweni lokumba. Ngokunciphisa ukumosha nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, imboni yegolide ingaba isimeme futhi ibe nobungane kwimvelo.

Sengiphetha, ubuchwepheshe bokulawula ukungcoliswa kwe-sodium cyanide embonini yegolide bubalulekile ekwehliseni ubungozi bemvelo kanye nokuphepha obuhambisana nokuthathwa kwegolide. Ngenhlanganisela yokunciphisa umthombo, ukulawulwa kwenqubo, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile, nokuphathwa kwemfucuza eqinile, imboni yegolide ingaqhubeka nokusebenza kuyilapho inciphisa umthelela wayo endaweni ezungezile. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nokwamukelwa kwezinqubo ezizinzile, ikusasa lemboni yegolide lingaba nobungane ngokwemvelo futhi lizinze.