Ukuhlolwa Kobuthi Be-Sodium Cyanide kanye Nezinyathelo Zokuvimbela Izingozi Ezifanelekile

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN), njengekhemikhali enobuthi obukhulu, idlala indima engenakushintshwa emkhakheni wezimboni, njengokumbiwa kwegolide, i-electroplating, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemithi. Kodwa-ke, ubungozi bobuthi obungaba khona bubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nendawo ezungezile. Lesi sihloko sizohlaziya ngokuhlelekile indlela yobuthi, ukubonakaliswa kwezingozi, nezindlela zokuvimbela I-Sodium Cyanide, enikeza isisekelo sesayensi sokuphathwa kokuphepha.

I. Indlela Yobuthi Nezingozi Zezempilo

1. Ubuthi Acute

Ubuthi be i-sodium cyanide ikakhulukazi isuka ku-cyanide ion (CN⁻) ehlukanisiwe kuyo. I-CN⁻ ingabangela ubuthi ngezindlela ezilandelayo:

• Ukuvimbela Ukuphefumula Kweselula: Ibophezela ku-cytochrome oxidase ku-mitochondria, ivimbe uchungechunge lwezokuthutha lwe-electron futhi ivimbele izicubu ekusebenziseni umoya-mpilo ("intracellular asphyxia").

• Isenzo Esisheshayo: Idosi yomlomo ebulalayo icishe ibe ngu-1-2 mg/kg (ibalwa njenge-CN⁻), futhi ukuhogela noma ukuthintana kwesikhumba nesisombululo sokugxilisa kakhulu kungase kubulale.

• Izimpawu Ezivamile:

• Ubuthi obuncane: Ikhanda elibuhlungu, isicanucanu, i-dyspnea, ukudideka;

• Ubuthi Obunzima: Ukudlikizeka, ukukoma, ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo, nokufa ngokuvamile kwenzeka phakathi nemizuzu embalwa.

2. Ubuthi obungapheli

Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kumithamo ephansi kungaholela kulokhu:

• Ukulimala Kwezinzwa: Ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo, i-peripheral neuritis;

• Ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-thyroid: I-CN⁻ iphazamisa i-iodine metabolism, okuholela ku-goiter noma i-hypothyroidism;

• Ubuthi bokuzala: Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kubonisa ukuthi kungase kuthinte ukuthuthukiswa kwesimiso sokuzala.

II. Izingozi Zemvelo kanye Nezingozi Zemvelo

1. Ubuthi Ezilwaneni Ezisemanzini

I-sodium cyanide izwela kakhulu ezintweni eziphila emanzini. Ngokwesibonelo:

Fish: I-median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) iphansi njenge-0.05-0.5 mg/L (kubalwa njenge-CN⁻);

plankton: 0.01 mg/L ingavimbela i-photosynthesis.

Ngokomlando, ingozi yokuvuza yemayini yegolide i-Baia Mare eRomania ngo-1995 yabangela ukufa kwezinhlanzi eziningi eMfuleni iDanube, futhi kwathatha iminyaka eminingana ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo.

2. Ukungcoliswa Kwenhlabathi Namanzi Angaphansi

• Ukuhamba: Iqinile uma kuqhathaniswa emhlabathini one-alkaline, kodwa kungenzeka ikhiqize igesi ye-HCN enobuthi kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-asidi;

• I-Biodegradation: Amanye ama-microorganisms angaguqula i-CN⁻ ibe yi-formamide (NH₂CHO) nge-cyanide hydrolase, kodwa izinga lokuwohloka lilinganiselwe izimo zemvelo.

III. Izinyathelo Zokuvimbela Izingozi

1. Izilawuli zobunjiniyela

• Isistimu evaliwe: Yamukela imishini yokukhiqiza evalwe ngokugcwele ukuze unciphise ubungozi bokuchayeka kwe-cyanide;

• I-Ventilation Design: Hlomisa ngesistimu yokungenisa umoya esebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugxila kwe-cyanide endaweni yokusebenza kungaphansi komkhawulo wokuchayeka emsebenzini (njengo-5 mg/m³ ocaciswe yi-OSHA);

• Ubuchwepheshe be-automation: Sebenzisa amarobhothi noma isilawuli kude ukuze unciphise ukusebenza mathupha.

2. Izinto Zokuzivikela Zomuntu Siqu (PPE)

• Ukuvikelwa kokuphefumula: Sebenzisa umshini wokuphefumula onesitsha sokuhlunga igesi (njengohlobo A lwesihlungi segesi), futhi ugqoke amathuluzi okuphefumula aziqukathe ngokwakho (SCBA) esimweni esiphuthumayo;

• Ukuvikela Isikhumba: Gqoka izingubo zokuzivikela zamakhemikhali kanye namagilavu ​​(izinto ezibonakalayo kufanele zimelane nokungena kwe-cyanide, njengerabha ye-nitrile);

• Ukuvikelwa Kwamahlo: Gqoka izibuko zokuphepha zamakhemikhali noma isihlangu sobuso.

3. Izinyathelo Zokuphatha

• Ukuqeqeshwa kanye Nokuqinisekiswa: Ukuqeqesha njalo ngokusebenza ngokuphephile kwe-cyanide kubasebenzi, futhi bangaba semsebenzini kuphela ngemva kokuphumelela ukuhlolwa;

• Uhlelo Lwelayisense: Lawula ngokuqinile ukuthengwa, ukugcinwa, nokuthuthwa kwe-cyanide, futhi usebenzise ukuphathwa "komuntu okabili nokukhiya kabili";

• Ukuqapha kanye Nempendulo Ephuthumayo: Faka inzwa eku-inthanethi ye-cyanide, thola njalo ukugxila emoyeni nasemizimbeni yamanzi, futhi wenze uhlelo lokuphendula oluphuthumayo oluvuzayo.

4. Ukwelashwa Okuphuthumayo

• Ukulahlwa kokuvuza:

1.Masinyane hlukanisa indawo engcolisiwe bese usika umthombo wokuthungela (i-HCN iyavutha);

2.Hlikihla ngenani eleqile le-sodium hypochlorite noma isixazululo se-sodium thiosulfate:

CN⁻ + ClO⁻ → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ (ifakwe i-oxid ku-CO₂ ne-N₂);

3.Adsorb uketshezi olusele (njengokusebenzisa ikhabhoni ecushiwe) ukuze uvimbele ukusabalala kokungcola.

• Usizo Lokuqala Lobuthi:

1.Suka ngokushesha endaweni futhi ugcine umgudu wokuphefumula ungaphazamiseki;

2.Sebenzisa ngokushesha i-antidote (njengokuhogela i-amyl nitrite + umjovo we-intravenous we-sodium thiosulfate);

3.Yenza i-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) kuze kufike ukuhlenga kochwepheshe.

IV. Ukuqamba Okusha Kwezobuchwepheshe kanye namathrendi esikhathi esizayo

1. Ukufaka esikhundleni Sezinqubo ezingena-Cyanide

• Ukukhishwa Kwegolide: Indlela ye-Thiourea leaching, indlela ye-biological leaching (ukusebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukubola ama-ores);

• Imboni ye-Electroplating: Yamukela ama-electrolyte angenayo i-cyanide njenge-zincate ne-citrate.

2. Uhlelo Lokuqapha Lwedijithali

Gada ukugxiliswa kwe-cyanide ngesikhathi sangempela nge-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT) kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI), futhi uthuthukise ikhono lesexwayiso sokuvuza ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngokuhlanganisa nokuhlolwa kwe-drone.

3. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemithethonqubo Namazinga

• Imithetho Yamazwe Ngamazwe: Ukuthobela I-International Cyanide Management Code (ICMI) ukuqinisa ukuthotshelwa kwemvelo;

• Amazinga WaseShayina: I-GB 31574-2015 "Amazinga Okukhishwa Kwezinto Ezingcolisayo Embonini Yamakhemikhali Angaphilayo" akhawulela ngokuqinile ukukhishwa kwe-cyanide.

V. Isiphetho

Izingozi zobuthi I-sodium cyanide ayinakushaywa indiva, kodwa ngokuphathwa kwesayensi, ukusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, nokugadwa okuqinile, izingozi zakhona zingalawuleka ngempumelelo. Esikhathini esizayo, ngokuthandwa kwezinqubo eziluhlaza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha okuhlakaniphile, ukusetshenziswa okuphephile kwe-cyanide kuzofinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme. Amabhizinisi adinga ukuthobela umgomo "wokuvikela kuqala, ukulawulwa kwengozi", futhi afeze ngempumelelo izibopho zawo zomphakathi kuyilapho ephishekela izinzuzo zezomnotho ukuze kuqinisekiswe impilo yabantu kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo.