Wazi kangakanani ngemithombo yama-cyanides?

I-Cyanide iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali anobuthi obukhulu ebeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Ukuqonda imithombo yayo, imiphumela, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuchayeka nokuqinisekisa ukuphila kahle.

Imithombo yeCyanide

Izicelo zezezimboni

I-Cyanide isetshenziswa kabanzi ezinqubweni ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. Abasebenzi ezimbonini ezifana ne-electroplating, ukudweba, ukukhiqiza udayi, nokukhiqizwa kwenjoloba banamathuba aphezulu okuchayeka. Ku-electroplating, isibonelo, I-Cyanide isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukunamathela kwezingubo zensimbi. Kodwa-ke, ukuphatha okungalungile kanye nokuntuleka kwezinyathelo zokuphepha kulezi zimboni kungaholela i-cyanide ukuvuza nokudedelwa endaweni.

Izehlakalo Zemvelo Ekudleni

Ngokumangalisayo, i-cyanide ingatholakala nakwezinye ukudla okuvamile. Izithelo ezifana namapentshisi, ama-plums, amabhilikosi, ne-枇杷 aqukethe i-hydrogen cyanide. Phakathi kwazo, ama-alimondi ababayo anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu. Ukwengeza, umdumbula, ukudla okuyisisekelo ezindaweni eziningi ezishisayo, nawo une-hydrogen cyanide. Lezi zemvelo - zenzeka ama-cyanides ngokuvamile ziboshwe ngendlela ye-cyanogenic glycosides. Lapho lezi zinto zidliwe, ama-enzyme emzimbeni angakwazi ukuwaphula, okungenzeka akhiphe i-cyanide yamahhala.

Ukukhiqizwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo

Emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, i-hydrogen cyanide (HCN) ingadalwa nge-hydrolysis ye-amyI-GDAi-lin yi-enzyme u-amygdai-linase. Nakuba i-HCN ingekho ngobuningi ezintweni eziphilayo, ingakheka ngaphansi kokusabela okuthile kwe-enzyme. I-Cyanide inamandla amakhulu kuma-athomu ensimbi futhi ingakha ama-complexes azinzile. Lesi sici siyivumela ukuthi ibophe kalula kumaprotheni aqukethe insimbi, ngokuvamile ivimbela kakhulu imisebenzi yawo. Ikakhulukazi, i-cytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme ebalulekile ochungechungeni lokuphefumula, ingavinjelwa kakhulu ngisho noma ingaphansi kuka-10 - 4M, ekugcineni okuholela ekumisweni kokuphefumula.

Izingozi zeCyanide

Imiphumela eyingozi ye-cyanide emzimbeni womuntu ibonakala ezicini ezimbili eziyinhloko: imithelela eyingozi futhi engapheli. Ukuchayeka ku-cyanide kungasongela ukuphila. Ama-ion e-cyanide akhishiwe (CN - ) aphazamisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwamaseli ngokubophezela kuma-enzyme abalulekile abandakanyeka ekusetshenzisweni komoyampilo. Lokhu kuphazamisa ikhono lomzimba lokusebenzisa umoya-mpilo, okuholela ekubeni ube nezimpawu ezinjengokuphefumula ngokushesha, isiyezi, ikhanda elibuhlungu, futhi ezimeni ezinzima, ukulahlekelwa ukwazi nokufa. Ukuchayeka okungamahlalakhona, nakuba kungabonakali ngokushesha, kungase futhi kubangele izinkinga zempilo zesikhathi eside, kuhlanganise nokulimala kwesimiso sezinzwa, isimiso sokuphefumula, kanye nendlala yegilo.

Izinyathelo Zokuqapha kanye Nezimpendulo Eziphuthumayo

Izinyathelo Zokuqapha Emsebenzini

Ezindaweni zokusebenza lapho kukhiqizwa noma kusetshenziswa i-cyanide, njengezitshalo zamakhemikhali ezihlobene ne-cyanide, kufanele kusetshenziswe imithetho eqinile yokuphepha. Ukubhema nokudla akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele ezindaweni zokuphatha i-cyanide. Izisebenzi kufanele zinikezwe izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele, okuhlanganisa amagilavu, izifihla-buso, nezingubo zokuzivikela, ukuze zivikele i-cyanide ekungcoliseni isikhumba sabo futhi ingene emizimbeni yazo ngokuyidla noma ngokuhogela. Izinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile kufanele zibe khona ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinto eziqukethe i-cyanide zigcinwa, zihanjiswa, futhi zisetshenziswa ngendlela efanele. Ukuqeqeshwa okujwayelekile kokuphepha kanye nokuzivocavoca kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqwashisa kwabasebenzi ngezingozi ezingase zibe khona kanye namandla okuphendula izimo eziphuthumayo.

Impendulo Ephuthumayo Kubuthi Obunamandla

Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi embi kakhulu yobuthi be-cyanide, isinyathelo esisheshayo sibalulekile. Esinye sezinyathelo zosizo lokuqala ukusebenzisa i-amyl nitrite. Thatha ama-ampoule angu-1 - 2 e-amyl nitrite, uwabophe ngeduku, futhi uwaphule. Bese, ubambe ama-ampoules aphukile eduze kwekhala kanye nomlomo wesiguli ukuze uhogele, ngesikhathi esifanayo wenza ukuphefumula okwenziwe. Yala isiguli ukuthi sihogele imizuzwana engu-15 - 30 njalo emizuzwini engu-1 - 2. Inani lokuhogela kufanele lilungiswe ngokuya ngesimo sesiguli. Ngemva kwalokhu kwelashwa kokuqala, isiguli kufanele siphuthunyiswe esibhedlela ukuze sithole usizo lwezokwelapha oluqhubekayo, okungase kuhlanganise nokuphathwa kwemithi ethile yokwelapha njenge-sodium nitrite ne-sodium thiosulfate.

Sengiphetha, i-cyanide, enemithombo ehlukahlukene kanye nezingozi ezinkulu, idinga ukunakwa kwethu okukhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusezindaweni zezimboni noma empilweni yansuku zonke, ukuqaphela ukuba khona kwayo, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela, nokwazi ukuthi kufanele uphendule kanjani esimweni sokuchayeka kubalulekile ekuvikeleni impilo yabantu nokuphepha.