Hanyoyi da Tsari don Detoxification na Cyanide Tailings

Gabatarwa

Tashin Cyanide sharar gida ce da ake samarwa yayin aikin ma'adinan zinare da sauran ma'adanai. Saboda kasancewar ragowar cyanides da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi, idan ba a yi maganin su yadda ya kamata ba, za su haifar da babbar illa ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. Babban gubar Cyanide na iya yaɗuwa ta iska, ruwa, da ƙasa, yana gurɓata yanayin halittu da ke kewaye da shi kuma yana barazana ga rayuwar dabbobi da tsirrai. Saboda haka, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a kawar da gubar Cyanide Tailings . Wannan labarin zai gabatar da dalla-dalla hanyoyin tsarkakewa da hanyoyin tsarkakewa na cyanide.

Halaye da Hadarin Cyanide Tailings

Abun da ke tattare da wutsiyar cyanide yana da rikitarwa. Baya ga cyanides da ba a yi amfani da su ba, yana kuma ƙunshi ƙarfe masu nauyi kamar jan ƙarfe, gubar, zinc, da mercury. Wadannan karafa masu nauyi suna da wuyar lalacewa a cikin yanayin yanayi kuma zasu taru na dogon lokaci. Cyanides na iya hana ayyukan enzymes na numfashi a cikin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke haifar da asphyxiation da mutuwar kwayoyin halitta. Misali, lokacin da aka zubar da ruwan datti mai dauke da wutsiyar cyanide a cikin koguna, zai yi sanadin mutuwar adadi mai yawa na halittun ruwa kamar kifi, yana lalata ma'aunin muhallin ruwa. Lokacin da karafa masu nauyi suka shiga jikin mutum, sai su taru a cikin sassan jikin mutum kuma su haifar da cututtuka iri-iri. Misali, gubar dalma na shafar ci gaban tsarin jijiya, sannan gubar mercury na lalata koda da kwakwalwa.

Hanyoyin Detoxification

Hanyar Oxidation na Chemical

1. Hanyar Chlorine ta Alkaline : Wannan wata hanya ce da ake amfani da ita wajen kawar da gubar sinadarai ta hanyar iskar shaka. A karkashin yanayin alkaline (yawanci ana sarrafa darajar pH a 10 - 11), ana ƙara oxidants kamar iskar chlorine ko hypochlorites zuwa gawar cyanide. Ka'idar amsawar ta ita ce kamar haka: Da farko, ana haɗa ions na cyanide (CN⁻) zuwa ions na cyanate (CNO⁻), kuma lissafin amsawar shine CN⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ + 2H⁺. Sannan, ana lalata cyanate zuwa abubuwa marasa lahani kamar nitrogen da Carbon dioxide a ƙarƙashin ƙarin oxidation, 2CNO⁻ + 3ClO⁻ + H₂O → N₂↑ + 3Cl⁻ + 2HCO₃⁻. Amfanin wannan hanyar shine cewa saurin amsawar yana da sauri kuma tasirin kawar da gubobi a bayyane yake, amma rashin amfani shine cewa wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar iskar gas mai ɗauke da chlorine na iya faruwa.

2. Hanyar Haɗakar Hydrogen Peroxide : Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) na iya haƙa da kuma lalata cyanides a gaban mai haɓaka mai dacewa. Yawanci ana zaɓar masu haɓaka kamar ions ferrous (Fe²⁺). A lokacin aikin haɓaka, hydrogen peroxide yana ruɓewa don samar da hydroxyl radicals (·OH), waɗanda ke da ƙarfin halayen haɓaka cyanides kuma suna iya haƙa cyanides cikin sauri. Daidaiton amsawa shine CN⁻ + H₂O₂ → CNO⁻ + H₂O. Amfanin hanyar haɓakar hydrogen peroxide shine cewa samfuran bayan ruɓewar hydrogen peroxide sune ruwa da iskar oxygen, kuma ba a gabatar da sabbin gurɓatattun abubuwa ba, amma farashin yana da yawa, kuma buƙatun yanayin amsawa suna da tsauri.

Hanyar Oxidation ta Halitta

1. Hanyar Zubar da Kwayoyin Halitta : Ana amfani da wasu ƙananan halittu na musamman, kamar Thiobacillus ferrooxidans,. Waɗannan ƙananan halittu na iya amfani da cyanides a matsayin tushen nitrogen da carbon yayin haɓakarsu kuma suna lalata su da kuma lalata su. Ta hanyar ayyukansu na rayuwa, ƙananan halittu suna canza cyanides zuwa abubuwa marasa lahani kamar carbon dioxide, ruwa, da ammonia. Amfanin wannan hanyar shine cewa tana da kyau ga muhalli kuma tana da ƙarancin amfani da makamashi, amma rashin amfani da ita shine cewa haɓakar ƙananan halittu yana da tasiri sosai ga abubuwan muhalli kamar zafin jiki da ƙimar pH, kuma zagayowar magani yana da tsayi sosai.

2. Hanyar Biofilm : Ƙananan halittu suna tsayawa a saman mai ɗaukar hoto don samar da biofilm. Lokacin da wutsiyoyin cyanide suka haɗu da biofilm, ƙwayoyin cuta suna lalata cyanides. Biofilm ɗin yana da ƙarfin sha da lalatawa, wanda zai iya inganta ingancin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta akan cyanides. Idan aka kwatanta da hanyar leaching ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙananan halittu a cikin hanyar biofilm ba su da sauƙin rasawa kuma suna da kwanciyar hankali mafi girma, amma kuma suna fuskantar matsalar kasancewa masu la'akari da yanayin muhalli.

Wasu Hanyoyi

1. Hanyar Pyrolysis Mai Yawan Zafi : Ana yin pyrolysis na wutsiyoyin Cyanide a yanayin zafi mai yawa (yawanci sama da 800℃), kuma ana canza cyanides zuwa iskar gas kamar nitrogen da carbon monoxide. Hanyar pyrolysis mai yawan zafin jiki na iya cire cyanides yadda ya kamata, amma tana buƙatar yawan amfani da makamashi, kuma ƙarfe masu nauyi na iya yin rauni a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai yawa, wanda ke ƙara wahalar maganin iskar wutsiya mai zuwa.

2. Hanyar Shafawa : Ana amfani da sinadarai masu shafawa kamar Carbon da aka kunna da zeolite don shafawa cyanides. Masu shafawa suna da babban yanki na musamman kuma suna iya shafa cyanides a saman su, ta haka ne za a cimma manufar tsarkakewa. Hanyar shafawa tana da sauƙin aiki, amma ƙarfin shafawa na mai shafawa yana da iyaka, kuma yana buƙatar a maye gurbin mai shafawa akai-akai. Bugu da ƙari, maganin mai shafawa mai shafawa shima yana da rikitarwa.

Tsarin Detoxification

Bala'i

1. Niƙawa da Tantancewa : Ana niƙa manyan wutsiyoyin cyanide don rage girman ƙwayoyin halittarsu, ta yadda sakamakon cire su daga jiki zai iya ci gaba sosai. Waɗancan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da masu niƙa muƙamuƙi, masu niƙa mazugi, da sauransu. Sannan ana tantance wutsiyoyin da aka niƙa ta hanyar kayan aikin tantancewa kamar allon girgiza don tantance ƙwayoyin halittar da ke da girman ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban, ta yadda za a samar da kayan da suka dace da girman ƙwayoyin halittar don magani na gaba.

2. Zubar da ruwa : Domin a samu damar yin hulɗa da cyanides da kyau da kuma yin aiki da sinadarin kawar da guba, ana amfani da ruwa ko wasu sinadarai masu dacewa wajen zubar da ruwan wukake na cyanide. Ana gudanar da aikin zubar da ruwa a cikin tankin da aka motsa, kuma ana haɗa ruwan wukake da ruwan wukake gaba ɗaya ta hanyar juyawa. Abubuwa kamar lokacin zubar da ruwa, zafin jiki, da rabon ruwa zuwa ga tauri zai shafi tasirin zubar da ruwa, kuma gabaɗaya ana buƙatar a inganta shi bisa ga yanayin da ake ciki.

Ayyukan Detoxification

1. Tsarin Aiki na Hanyar Haɗakar Sinadarai : Idan aka ɗauki hanyar chlorination ta alkaline a matsayin misali, a cikin maganin wutsiya bayan an cire ruwa, ana fara ƙara sodium hydroxide don daidaita ƙimar pH na maganin zuwa 10 - 11. Sannan, ana shigar da iskar chlorine a hankali ko kuma a ƙara maganin sodium hypochlorite, sannan a yi juyawa a lokaci guda don sa amsawar ta ci gaba gaba ɗaya. A lokacin aikin amsawar, ana buƙatar a sa ido kan yawan cyanide a cikin maganin a ainihin lokacin. Lokacin da aka rage yawan cyanide zuwa ƙasa da ƙa'idar da aka ƙayyade, ana dakatar da ƙara oxidant.

2. Tsarin Aiki na Hanyar Haɗakar Kwayoyin Halitta : Idan aka ɗauki hanyar haƙo ƙwayoyin cuta, za a yi wa Thiobacillus ferrooxidans da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta allura a cikin maganin haƙora da ke ɗauke da wutsiyoyin cyanide. Ana sarrafa zafin tsarin haƙora a cikin kewayon girma mai dacewa na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (galibi 25 - 35℃), kuma ana daidaita ƙimar pH zuwa kewayon da ya dace (galibi 2 - 4). A lokacin aikin haƙora, ana buƙatar a cika abubuwan gina jiki akai-akai don biyan buƙatun girma na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ana tantance ci gaban aikin haƙora ta hanyar sa ido kan yawan cyanide da haɓakar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.

Magani na gaba

1. Rabawar Ruwa Mai Tauri - Mai Ruwa : Bayan an kammala aikin kawar da gubobi, ana buƙatar a raba wutsiyoyin da aka yi wa magani da ruwa mai tauri. Hanyoyin rabawa na ruwa mai tauri sun haɗa da tacewa da centrifugation. Ta hanyar kayan tacewa kamar matse matattarar faranti - da - firam, ana raba wutsiyoyin da suka yi tauri daga ruwan. Ruwan da aka raba yana buƙatar a ƙara gwada shi don ganin cyanide da ƙarfe mai nauyi don tabbatar da cewa za a iya fitar da shi bayan ya cika ƙa'idodin fitar da shi.

2. Zubar da Wuya : Bayan cirewa da kuma raba ruwa mai ƙarfi, idan har yanzu akwai ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin wuya, ana buƙatar ƙarin magani. Misali, ana amfani da fasahar ƙarfafawa da daidaitawa, kuma ana haɗa wuya da sinadarai masu ƙarfafawa kamar siminti da lemun tsami don gyara ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin jikin da aka ƙarfafa da kuma rage motsi a cikin muhalli. Ana iya cika wuya da aka yi wa magani ko kuma a yi amfani da shi sosai bisa ga yanayin da ake ciki, kamar amfani da shi wajen samar da kayan gini.

Kammalawa

Maganin lalatawar wutsiya na cyanide yana da mahimmanci ga kare muhalli da kuma amfani da albarkatu mai dorewa. Daban-daban hanyoyin detoxification suna da nasu amfani da rashin amfani. A cikin aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen, hanyoyin da za a cirewa da kuma hanyoyin da suka dace suna buƙatar zaɓar su gabaɗaya bisa ga dalilai kamar halaye na wutsiyar cyanide, farashin magani, da bukatun muhalli. A lokaci guda, tare da ci gaba da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, sabbin fasahohi da matakai na kawar da gubobi suna tasowa koyaushe. A nan gaba, ana sa ran za a samar da ingantacciyar hanyar inganta yanayin muhalli, da hanyoyin lalata tattalin arziki don wutsiyar cyanide, samar da ingantattun hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli da wutsiyar cyanide ke kawowa.