Liquid Sodium Cyanide: Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev siv ntau yam

Introduction

sodium cyanide (NaCN), ib qho chaw muaj npe nrov rau nws qhov muaj zog reactivity thiab toxicity siab, muaj nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si khoom thiab kua. Ua kua Sodium Cyanide, feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kua aqueous, muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb uas ua rau nws indispensable nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev lag luam thiab scientific daim ntaub ntawv. No blog ncej delves rau hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm Ua kua sodium cyanide thiab tshawb nrhiav nws cov ntawv thov dav dav, thaum tseem hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb vim nws qhov xwm txheej txaus ntshai.

Tshuaj khoom

1. Reactivity

Kua sodium cyanide yog heev reactive vim hais tias ntawm cov cyanide ion nws muaj. Thaum nyob hauv dej, nws tawg mus rau hauv sodium ions thiab cyanide ions. Lub cyanide ion yog ib qho muaj zog nucleophile, uas txhais tau hais tias nws yooj yim nrhiav tawm thiab reacts nrog rau lwm cov organic thiab inorganic tebchaw uas yog electron - tsis muaj. Hauv Organic synthesisPiv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem koom nrog kev hloov pauv nucleophilic. Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, cov cyanide ion hloov ib pawg tshwj xeeb hauv cov organic halide molecule, uas ua rau muaj kev sib txuas tshiab ntawm carbon thiab nitrogen. Qhov no reactivity yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau yam ntawm nws siv nyob rau hauv tsim complex organic molecules.

2. Ntsuas tau

Sodium cyanide dissolves zoo heev hauv dej, ua kom pom tseeb, tsis muaj xim. Nws cov solubility siab yog los ntawm nws cov qauv ionic heev. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm sodium ions tau nyiam rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov pa oxygen atoms hauv dej molecules, thaum lub cev tsis zoo cyanide ions cuam tshuam nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo hydrogen atoms ntawm dej. Qhov kev sib cuam tshuam muaj zog ntawm cov Sodium cyanide ions thiab dej molecules enables nws kim heev dissolution, tso cai rau cov creation ntawm concentrated sodium cyanide daws.

3. pH thiab Basicity

Aqueous daws ntawm sodium cyanide muaj cov yam ntxwv yooj yim. Lub cyanide ion yog lub hauv paus conjugate ntawm hydrocyanic acid, tsis muaj zog acid. Thaum cyanide ions nyob hauv dej, lawv tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hu ua hydrolysis. Thaum lub sij hawm hydrolysis, cov cyanide ions hnov ​​​​mob nrog dej molecules, tsim hydrocyanic acid thiab hydroxide ions. Kev tso tawm ntawm cov hydroxide ions no nce pH ntawm cov tshuaj. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj sodium cyanide kua muaj pH nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 11 - 13. qhia tias lawv muaj alkaline heev.

4. Kev lom

Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov kua sodium cyanide yog nws cov tshuaj lom neeg heev. Lub cyanide ion khi irreversibly rau hlau (III) ion tam sim no nyob rau hauv cytochrome oxidase, ib tug enzyme uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub mitochondrial electron thauj saw. Qhov kev khi no txwv tsis pub cov enzyme los ntawm kev txais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ua kom muaj zog ua pa ntawm tes. Yog tsis muaj cellular respiration, hlwb tsis tuaj yeem tsim adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lub zog rau cov hlwb. Yog li ntawd, cov cell tuag sai sai. Kev nqus pa, noj, lossis kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij nrog kua sodium cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg thiab lwm yam kab mob tuag taus.

Daim Ntawv Sau Npe

1. Kub thiab nyiaj mining

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws - paub siv cov kua sodium cyanide yog nyob rau hauv kev lag luam mining, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau extracting kub thiab nyiaj. Cov txheej txheem, hu ua cyanidation, koom nrog siv dilute sodium cyanide daws kom yaj kub thiab nyiaj los ntawm lawv cov ore. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen thiab dej, sodium cyanide reacts nrog kub thiab nyiaj, tsim cov tebchaw uas yuav yaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Cov tshuaj soluble no tuaj yeem raug cais tawm ntawm lwm cov khoom siv ore. Tom qab sib cais, cov txheej txheem ntxiv xws li nag lossis daus nrog zinc lossis electrolysis yog siv los rov qab cov hlau zoo nkauj. Cyanidation yog tus nqi - kev siv tau zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev rho tawm kub thiab nyiaj los ntawm qib qis ore, ua rau nws yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb hauv kev mining niaj hnub.

2. Organic Synthesis

Nyob rau hauv cov organic chemistry, kua sodium cyanide yog dav siv los ua ib tug reagent nyob rau hauv ntau yam synthesis tshuaj. Ua tsaug rau nws qhov muaj zog nucleophilic, nws tuaj yeem koom nrog kev hloov pauv nucleophilic. Piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov nitriles, ib qho alkyl halide tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog sodium cyanide hauv cov organic hnyav xws li dimethylformamide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no ua rau tsim cov tshuaj nitrile. Nitriles yog ib qho tseem ceeb nruab nrab cov tebchaw siv nyob rau hauv synthesis ntawm pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, thiab lwm yam zoo tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, sodium cyanide tuaj yeem siv rau hauv Strecker amino acid synthesis. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, nws reacts nrog ib tug aldehyde los yog ketone nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ammonia los tsim ib tug compound hu ua ib tug α-amino nitrile, uas yuav ua tau ntxiv txheej txheem los tsim ib tug amino acid.

3. Kev Txuas Hluav Taws Xob

Cov kua sodium cyanide yog siv hauv Electroplating txheej txheem, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau electroplating hlau xws li kub, nyiaj, tooj liab, thiab zinc. Cyanide - raws li electroplating da dej muaj ntau yam zoo. Lawv muab lub zog pov tseg zoo, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv tuaj yeem tso cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom nrog cov duab nyuaj. Lawv kuj ua rau ci thiab du hlau deposits thiab xyuas kom meej zoo heev adhesion ntawm plated txheej rau cov khoom siv hauv qab. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj electroplating, cov cyanide ions tsim cov tebchaw ruaj khov nrog cov hlau ions uas tau plated. Thaum lub sij hawm electroplating txheej txheem, cov tebchaw no raug txo nyob rau hauv lub cathode, depositing ib tug nyias, txawm txheej ntawm hlau mus rau cov khoom raug plated.

4. Kev kho hlau thiab tu

Hauv kev lag luam hlau, kua sodium cyanide yog siv los kho thiab ntxuav cov hlau. Nws tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov oxides thiab lwm yam impurities los ntawm cov hlau. Lub reactivity ntawm cov cyanide ion tso cai rau nws mus hnov ​​​​mob nrog hlau oxides, hloov mus rau hauv cov tebchaw uas yuav yaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Cov tshuaj soluble no tuaj yeem raug ntxuav tawm. Ntxiv mus, sodium cyanide tuaj yeem siv thaum tshav kub kub - kev kho cov hlau los txhim kho lawv cov khoom nto, xws li nce lawv cov tawv tawv thiab hnav tsis kam.

Kev Txiav Txim Siab Kev Nyab Xeeb

Muab cov tshuaj toxicity ntawm cov kua sodium cyanide, nruj kev nyab xeeb yuav tsum tau ua raws li thaum tuav, khaws cia, thiab siv nws. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam uas siv sodium cyanide yuav tsum tau txais kev cob qhia dav dav txog cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb kom raug. Qhov no suav nrog kev kawm paub siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej (PPE) xws li hnab looj tes, tsom iav, thiab lub tshuab ua pa kom raug. Cov chaw cia rau sodium cyanide yuav tsum tau tsim los tiv thaiv cov pa tawm thiab ua kom lub qhov cua kom zoo kom tsis txhob muaj cov cyanide - muaj cov vapors. Thaum muaj kev nchuav, cov txheej txheem tsim nyog thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, xws li neutralizing sodium cyanide nrog tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing zoo li sodium hypochlorite, yuav tsum tau ua tam sim ntawd los tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab tiv thaiv tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.

xaus

Cov kua sodium cyanide, nrog nws cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Los ntawm kev rho tawm ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev mining mus rau synthesis ntawm complex organic molecules thiab hlau nto kev kho mob, nws daim ntawv thov muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab deb - ncav cuag. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov tshuaj toxicity siab xav tau kev ceev faj tshaj plaws thiab ua raws li cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb. Raws li kev lag luam txuas ntxiv mus, kev siv lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kua sodium cyanide yuav tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam thiab ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm tib neeg.