Kupanga kwa Mercury (Hg), Magwero & Zambiri Zamakampani | United Chemical

Introduction

Mercury (Hg) ndi chitsulo cholemera kwambiri chomwe chili chofunika kwambiri m'mbiri koma choopsa kwambiri. Kapangidwe kake kapadera - madzi kutentha kwa chipinda, mphamvu yamagetsi yochuluka komanso kuthekera kophatikiza - kunapangitsa kuti mafakitale azigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri m'mbuyomu. Kudziwa bwino zoopsa zachilengedwe ndi thanzi zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mercury kwapangitsa kuti mayiko ena monga Minamata Convention achitepo kanthu kuti aletse kapena athetse kugwiritsa ntchito MERCURY mochuluka komanso kulimbikitsa kubwezeretsanso ndi kuwongolera kuipitsa.

Nkhani ya kampaniyi ndi United Chemical imapereka chidule chomveka bwino cha akatswiri Mercury magwero ndi njira zobwezeretsera, mawonekedwe amtundu wazinthu ndi kufananitsa ndi gwero, unyolo wamtengo wapatali wamakampani, mawonekedwe owongolera ndi malonda, ndi malingaliro othandizira kutsata kwamakampani ndikuwongolera zoopsa.

Chidziwitso cha Chitetezo : Mercury ndi mankhwala ake ndi oopsa mu ubongo ndipo amateteza chilengedwe. Kusamalira, kubwezeretsa, kunyamula kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse kuyenera kutsatira malamulo adziko, misonkhano yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso malamulo okhudza katundu woopsa.

1. Kodi mercury ndi chiyani? (Mwachidule)

Elemental mercury (Hg) ndi chitsulo chowundana chamadzimadzi pamalo ozungulira ndipo chimatha kusungunuka ndikubalalika m'chilengedwe. Mercury imapezeka m'njira zingapo:

• Zebakimu yachilengedwe (Hg⁰) — yachitsulo, yosasinthasintha;

• Mchere wa mercury wosapangidwa — mwachitsanzo, mercuric chloride (HgCl₂);

• Mercury yachilengedwe — monga methylmercury, yomwe imasonkhana mu unyolo wa chakudya ndipo imabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu paumoyo.

Mercury yotulutsidwa mumlengalenga ndi m'madzi imatha kusinthidwa ndikuwunjikitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zachilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu.

2. Magwero akuluakulu ndi magulu obwezeretsa (chidule chapamwamba)

Kupezeka kwa mercury padziko lonse lapansi makamaka kumachokera ku migodi yoyambirira (cinnabar/HgS) ndi mitsinje yobwezerezedwanso (zochokera ku mafakitale ndi zinyalala zosonkhanitsidwa) . Magulu ofunikira ndi awa:

1. Migodi yoyambira ndi kusungunula (cinnabar)

• Chidule : Kukumba ndi kusungunula cinnabar (HgS) m'mbuyomu kumabweretsa mercury yofunikira mwa kutentha ndi kuzizira. Zipangizo zamakono zovomerezeka zimatha kupanga mercury yoyera kwambiri ikakonzedwa bwino.

• Nkhawa : Kusungunula chitsulo pang'ono kosalamulirika kumabweretsa kuipitsa kwakukulu ndi zoopsa pa thanzi; mayiko ambiri amaletsa kapena kuletsa ntchito zotere.

2. Industrial by-product recovery and regulated recycling

• Chidule : Mercury imapezeka kwambiri kuchokera ku zinyalala zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa—nyali zowala, ma switch ndi ma relay, zipangizo zachipatala, zamagetsi ndi zinyalala za m'labu—kenako zimayengedwa m'malo olamulidwa.

• Ubwino : Kubwezeretsanso zinthu kumachepetsa mavuto azachilengedwe ndipo kumathandizira kuti zinthu zitsatidwe bwino komanso kuti malamulo azitsatiridwa.

3. Migodi ya golide ya Artisanal ndi yaing'ono (ASGM)

• Chidule : M'madera ena ASGM imagwiritsa ntchito mercury kupanga amalgams kuti ibwezeretse golide.

• Ndondomeko : Kugwiritsa ntchito ASGM mercury ndi cholinga chachikulu chochepetsera pansi pa Minamata Convention ndi mapulogalamu adziko lonse omwe akulimbikitsa njira zina.

4. Kugwetsa masheya akale ndi zida

• Chidule : Kuchotsa zida zakale ndi kutaya zinthu zakale kumabweretsanso mercury yomwe ingathe kubwezeretsedwa, koma ubwino ndi kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu zimasiyana kwambiri ndipo zimafuna kukonzedwa mosamala.

3. Kufananitsa kwachitsime/chinthu ndi ma metrics ofunikira

Magulu ogula ndi kutsatira ayenera kuika patsogolo ma metrics otsatirawa mu Zikalata Zowunika (COA):

• Kuchuluka kwa Hg / chiyero cha zinthu (%) ;

• Zotsalira za mercury (methylmercury) zachilengedwe ;

• Zofunikira pa chitetezo chokhudzana ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi mpweya ;

• Zonyansa zosapangidwa (As, Pb, S compounds, tinthu tating'onoting'ono) ;

• Chinyezi ndi zodetsa zamakina ;

• Fomu ndi phukusi (elemental liquid Hg, mchere, alloys; specifications of container).

Kuyerekeza kwapamwamba kwambiri ndi gwero :

• Kukumba koyambirira (zomera zovomerezeka) : Kuyera kwambiri kungatheke ngati mpweya woipa ndi kukonza zinyalala zikulamulidwa; kutsatira malamulo ndikofunikira kwambiri.

• Kubwezeretsanso zinthu motsatira malamulo : Ndi kuyeretsa kwamakono, mercury yobwezeretsedwanso imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zoyera kwambiri ndipo imakondedwa pazifukwa zachilengedwe.

• Magwero akale/ochotsa zinthu : Ubwino wosinthasintha; nthawi zambiri amafunika kuyeretsa kowonjezera.

• Magwero a ASGM : Oipitsidwa kwambiri ndipo saloledwa pa unyolo wovomerezeka wogulira.

4. Chuma chamtengo wapatali (kumtunda - pakati - kunsi kwa mtsinje)

Kumtunda - magwero & zida

• Magwero : miyala ya cinnabar, zinyalala zamafakitale (nyali, maswichi, zida zamankhwala), masheya akale.

• Zipangizo ndi ntchito : makina otsekedwa oziziritsa/ogwira, mayunitsi olowetsa/oyamwa, zida zoyeretsera, malo oyesera ovomerezeka, ma phukusi a katundu woopsa ndi zoyendera.

Midstream - kuyenga, kuyesa & malonda

• Ntchito zake : kusungunula/kuyeretsa, kuyesa kwa labotale (COA/MSDS), kulongedza ndi kulemba zilembo, kutsatira malamulo otumizira kunja ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinthu.

• Zinthu zofunika kwambiri : zilolezo, kuwongolera utsi woipa, kasamalidwe ka thanzi la ogwira ntchito komanso kutsatira malamulo a mayendedwe.

Downstream - ntchito & zosintha m'malo

• Kugwiritsa ntchito : zida zolondola kwambiri, zinthu zina zothandizira mankhwala, kafukufuku; m'mbiri yakale mu magetsi ndi ma switch (tsopano zasinthidwa kwambiri).

• Kachitidwe : kugwiritsa ntchito mwachangu ukadaulo wopanda mercury (ma LED, ma switch olimba, ma catalyst ena) komanso kutha kwa magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo m'njira zambiri.

5. Zowongolera & mawonekedwe amalonda (mwachidule)

• Msonkhano wa Minamata : dongosolo lofunika kwambiri la malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi lomwe limafuna njira zochepetsera ndikuchotsa kutulutsa kwa mercury, kulimbikitsa kubwezeretsanso zinthu ndi kuyang'anira masheya.

• Msika ukutsika chifukwa cha kudalira kwambiri magwero obwezerezedwanso komanso otsatira malamulo; malonda osaloledwa a mercury ndi ASGM yosavomerezeka zikupitilira kukhala zofunika kwambiri pakukhazikitsa malamulo.

• Chenjezo la malonda : kutumiza kunja kuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za komwe kukupita, malamulo oyendetsera katundu woopsa (IATA/IMDG), komanso kutsata komwe kumachokera.

6. Zowopsa zamakampani, zofunikira pakutsata & malingaliro

1. Kutsatira malamulo : tsatirani zonse zomwe zalembedwa mu Minamata Convention ndi malamulo am'deralo—kulondola komwe kwapezeka kuti kwachokera mercury ndi komwe ikupita.

2. Limbikitsani kubwezeretsanso zinthu : yika ndalama mu zomangamanga zoyendetsedwa bwino zosonkhanitsira ndi kuyeretsa kuti mupereke mercury yobwezeretsanso zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo.

3. Tetezani thanzi ndi chilengedwe : limbikitsani kuyang'anira ntchito, kupewa kutayikira kwa madzi, kuyankha mwadzidzidzi komanso kutenga nawo mbali pagulu.

4. Thandizani kusintha : gwiritsani ntchito ndi makasitomala kuti mugwiritse ntchito ukadaulo wopanda mercury ndikupereka chithandizo chochotsera ntchito/kubwezeretsa katundu.

5. Kuwongolera khalidwe ndi kutsata bwino : perekani COA/MSDS pa kutumiza kulikonse ndikuwonetsetsa kuti gulu lonse likutsatira bwino.

6. Kusamutsa zoopsa : kukhazikitsa inshuwaransi yoyenera yokhudza chilengedwe ndi inshuwaransi yoyendera.

Pomaliza - United Chemicalkudzipereka

United Chemical akudzipereka kuchitapo kanthu moyenera, kutsata komanso kusamala zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi mercury. Zomwe timayika patsogolo zikuphatikizapo:

• kuika patsogolo kubwezeredwanso kovomerezeka ndi kuchepetsa kudalira m'zigawo zoyambirira;

• kusunga mosamalitsa kuwongolera khalidwe, zolemba ndi kufufuza;

• kupatsa makasitomala zolembedwa zamalamulo, upangiri waukadaulo ndi maphunziro oyendetsa bwino;

• kuyanjana kuti apititse patsogolo njira zina ndikuchepetsa kuopsa kwa mercury m'mafakitale akumunsi.