Ke lintho life tse tsoang ho lik'hemik'hale tse ka sebelisoang ho lokisa sodium cyanide?

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ke chefo e ngata empa e le ea bohlokoa ea lik'hemik'hale. E bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho kopantseng mefuta e fapaneng Lintho tse tsoang ho lik'hemik'hale ka lebaka la reactivity ea sehlopha sa cyanide (-CN). Mona ke tse ling tsa li-derivatives tsa bohlokoa tsa lik'hemik'hale tse ka lokisoang ho sebelisoa Sodium cyanide:

Lintho tse tsoang ho Cyanide tse sa tloaelehang

1. Ferroli-cyanides: Sodium cyanide e sebetsana le matsoai a tšepe ho hlahisa ferroLi-cyanides. Ka mohlala, karabelo ea Sodium cyanide ka ferrous sulfate e ka hlahisa sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Motsoako ona o sebelisoa haholo ha ho etsoa li-pigments tse putsoa joalo ka boputsoa ba Prussia, hape o na le ts'ebeliso indastering ea lijo joalo ka moemeli oa anticaking letsoai. Karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale e ka emeloa joalo ka:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2.Cyanide Complexes ea Metals: Sodium cyanide e ka etsa li-complexes tse nang le li-ion tse ngata tsa tšepe. Ha ho ntšoa khauta le silevera, ho etsa mohlala, ka pel'a oksijene, khauta le silevera li itšoara ka sodium cyanide ho etsa metsoako ea tšepe e qhibilihang ea cyanide. Bakeng sa khauta, karabelo e tjena:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Lisebelisoa tsena tsa tšepe - cyanide li ntse li sebetsoa hape ho fumana litšepe tse hloekileng. Ntle le khauta le silevera, sodium cyanide e ka boela ea etsa li-complexes tse nang le tšepe tse kang koporo, zinki le nickel, tse nang le lisebelisoa ho electroplating le liindasteri tse ling. Ka mohlala, ho electroplating, li-complexes tsa cyanide li sebelisoa e le li-electrolyte ho etsa bonnete ba ho behoa ha tšepe ka mokhoa o boreleli le o ts'oanang oa tšepe holim'a substrate.

Lintho tse tsoang ho Organic Cyanide

1.Malonic Acid Derivatives: Sodium cyanide e sebelisoa ha ho etsoa li-derivatives tsa malonic acid. Mokhoa o mong o tloaelehileng ke ho arabela sodium cyanide ka chloroacetic acid ho etsa cyanoacetic acid pele. Karabo ke:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

Cyanoacetic acid e ka boela ea etsoa esterified ho hlahisa malonic acid ester, joalo ka diethyl malonate. Li-derivatives tsa Malonic acid ke litšiea tsa bohlokoa tsa ho aha ka har'a organic synthesis, haholoholo ho kopanngoeng ha meriana, dae le litatso. Hangata li sebelisoa ho Knoevenagel condensation le liketso tse ling ho haha ​​​​limolek'hule tse rarahaneng tsa tlhaho.

2.Metsoako ea Nitrile: Sodium cyanide e ka sebelisoa ho fetolela haloalkanes kapa aryl halides hore e be nitriles ka liphetoho tsa nucleophilic substitution. Ka mohlala, ha bromoethane e arabela ka sodium cyanide, propionitrile e thehoa:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

Li-nitriles ke metsoako e mengata e fapaneng. Li ka etsoa ka hydrolyzed ho etsa li-carboxylic acid, tsa fokotsoa hore e be li-amine, kapa tsa sebelisoa ha ho etsoa metsoako ea heterocyclic. Lefapheng la meriana, lithethefatsi tse ngata li na le lihlopha tse sebetsang tsa nitrile, 'me tšebeliso ea sodium cyanide ka har'a motsoako oa nitriles e fana ka tsela ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lokisoa ha lithethefatsi tsena.

3.Cyanohydrins: Aldehydes le ketone li ka itšoara ka sodium cyanide ka pel'a motsoako oa acid ho etsa cyanohydrins. Mohlala, karabelo ea acetone ka sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

Li-cyanohydrin ke li-intermediate tse sebetsang ho organic synthesis. Li ka fetoloa ho ea ho lihlopha tse fapaneng tse sebetsang, joalo ka li-carboxylic acid, li-amine le li-alcohol, ka liphetoho tse nepahetseng tsa lik'hemik'hale. Ha ho etsoa lihlahisoa tse ling tsa tlhaho le meriana, li-cyanohydrins li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho aheng masapo a carbon le ho hlahisa lihlopha tse sebetsang.

4.Triazine Derivatives: Ha ho etsoa metsoako e kang melamine, sodium cyanide e ka kenya letsoho marang-rang a karabelo. Le hoja karabelo e tobileng e ka 'na ea e-ba e rarahaneng' me hangata e kenyelletsa mehato e mengata, sehlopha sa cyanide se tsoang sodium cyanide se tlatsetsa ho thehoa ha sebopeho sa lesale la triazine. Melamine e sebelisoa haholo ha ho etsoa lipolasetiki, likhomaretsi le liphahlo. Mohlala o mong ke ho qaptjoa ha cyanuric chloride (trichlorotriazine), e leng karolo ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa tlhahiso ea chefo e bolaeang limela, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana le lidae tse sebetsang. Motsoako oa cyanuric chloride ho tsoa ho sodium cyanide hangata o kenyelletsa letoto la liketso ho kenyelletsa chlorination ea cyanide - precursors tse amanang.

5.Amino Acids le Metsoako ea TsonaLitsela tse ling tsa maiketsetso tsa amino acid, sodium cyanide e ka sebelisoa. Ka mohlala, ho Strecker synthesis ea amino acid, aldehyde kapa ketone e sebetsana le ammonia le sodium cyanide ho theha aminonitrile intermediate, eo ka nako eo e leng hydrolyzed ho amino acid e lumellanang. Ho qala ka aldehyde RCHO, likarabelo ke tse latelang:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

Li-amino acid ke lintho tse ahang liprotheine 'me li sebelisoa ka bongata indastering ea lijo, ea meriana le ea litlolo.

E lokela ho totobatsoa hore ka lebaka la chefo e phahameng ea sodium cyanide, mehato e tiileng ea tšireletso le mekhoa ea ho sebetsana le eona e tlameha ho lateloa nakong ea tšebeliso ea eona ha ho lokisoa lihlahisoa tsena tsa lik'hemik'hale ho netefatsa polokeho ea basebetsi le tikoloho.