I-Sodium Cyanide: Isixhobo esiNgasetyenziswayo ukusuka kwi-Industrial Synthesis ukuya kwi-Fine Chemicals

intshayelelo

I-Sodium cyanide , enefomyula yekhemikhali i-NaCN, ngumgubo omhlophe wekristale. Inyibilika kakhulu emanzini kwaye inevumba elibi le-almond. Njengezinto ezisisiseko zekhemikhali, i-Sodium cyanide idlala indima engenakutshintshwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino, ngakumbi kwi-industrial synthesis kunye neeFine chemicals.

Iimpawu zePhysical and Chemical Properties

Isodium cyanide yicubic crystal system. Inyibilika kakhulu emanzini kwaye ngokulula i-hydrolyzes ukuvelisa i-hydrogen cyanide, kunye nesisombululo sayo esimanzi esibonisa ialkalinity eyomeleleyo. Indawo yokunyibilika kwayo yi-563.7 °C, kwaye indawo yokubila kwayo yi-1496 °C. Inoxinano lwe-1.595 g/cm³. I-sodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye nokuba nenani elincinci lokunxibelelana ngamanxeba esikhumba, ukuphefumla, okanye ukuginya kunokukhokelela ekufeni. Le tyhefu iphezulu kakhulu ngenxa ye-cyanide ion (CN⁻) kuyo, enokuthi idibanise kunye ne-ferric ions kwiiseli zegazi, ezibangela ukuba iiseli zegazi zilahlekelwe ngumsebenzi wazo ophethe i-oksijeni, kwaye ekugqibeleni zikhokelela ekufeni ngokukhawuleza kwezinto eziphilayo ngenxa ye-hypoxia.

Iindlela zoHlanganiso lwezoShishino

1. Inkqubo ka-Andrussow : Le ndlela isebenzisa igesi yendalo, i-ammonia, kunye nomoya njengezinto eziluhlaza, kunye ne-platinum-rhodium alloy njenge-catalyst. Le mpendulo yenzeka kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Igesi yendalo (ngokuyintloko i-methane) isabela kunye ne-ammonia kunye ne-oxygen xa kukho i-catalyst ukuvelisa i-hydrogen cyanide, ize i-hydrogen cyanide isabela kunye nesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide ukuze ifumane i-Sodium Cyanide . I-reaction iyonke ingachazwa ngolu hlobo: CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O, HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Le ndlela inempumelelo ephezulu yemveliso kwaye ifanelekile kwimveliso enkulu yemizi-mveliso. Nangona kunjalo, ifuna iimeko eziphezulu ze-reaction kunye nolawulo oluqinileyo lwemilinganiselo yezinto eziluhlaza kunye neeparamitha ze-reaction.

2. Indlela ye-Light Oil Pyrolysis : I-ammonia engamanzi iyafuthwa ize ixutywe neoyile ekhaphukhaphu kwi-mixer ize ifudunyezwe. Igesi exutyiweyo eshushu ingena kwi-oven eqhekekayo, apho kwenzeka khona ukusabela kokuqhekeka kubushushu obuphezulu (malunga ne-1450 °C). I-petroleum coke isetyenziswa njengesithwali, kwaye i-nitrogen isetyenziswa njengegesi ekhuselayo ukuthintela i-oxidation. Igesi eqhekekayo iqulethe i-hydrogen cyanide. Emva kweenkqubo ezifana nokususwa kwe-ammonia, ukufunxwa kwamanzi, ukulungiswa, kunye nokufuma, i-hydrogen cyanide ifunyanwa, ize emva koko iphendula ngesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide ukuze ifumane i-sodium cyanide engamanzi . I-sodium cyanide engamanzi inokugxininiswa ngakumbi kwaye iqiniswe ukuze ifumane i-sodium cyanide eqinileyo. Nangona le nkqubo inobuchwepheshe obuvuthiweyo, ikwanazo neengxaki ezifana nokususwa kwe-hydrogen cyanide engcolileyo nzima, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kwimveliso, ubunzima obukhulu kunyango "lweenkunkuma ezintathu", kunye neendleko eziphezulu zemveliso.

3. Indlela yemveliso ye-Acrylonitrile By : Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-acrylonitrile nge-ammoxidation ye-propylene, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide iveliswa njengemveliso engasemva (ubungakanani bulingana ne-4% - 10% yemveliso ye-acrylonitrile). Igesi evela kwi-reactor iqulethe i-ammonia engaphezulu. Emva kokususa i-ammonia nge-dilute sulfuric acid, igesi ye-reaction ingena kwinqaba yokupholisa yokufunxa amanzi ukuze ifunxe i-acrylonitrile, i-hydrogen cyanide, i-acetonitrile, kunye ne-acrolein, njl. Ulwelo lokufunxa ludlula kwiinkqubo zokwahlula kunye nokucoca ezongezelelweyo ezifana nokusombulula kunye nokulungisa ukuze kufunyanwe iimveliso ze-acrylonitrile ezicocekileyo kakhulu kunye ne-hydrogen cyanide yemveliso. I-hydrogen cyanide yemveliso engasemva emva koko ifunxwa sisisombululo se-alkali ukuvelisa i-sodium cyanide. Iimveliso ezifunyenwe ngale ndlela zinokungcola okuncinci kunye nomxholo wesulfure ophantsi. Nangona kunjalo, inqunyelwe ngumthamo wemveliso ye-acrylonitrile. Okwangoku, imveliso ye-acrylonitrile eTshayina isondele ekugcwaleni, kwaye imveliso yayo kunzima ukunyuka kakhulu.

Ukusetyenziswa kwiMichiza emihle

1. Ishishini leMithi : I-Sodium cyanide isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni izinto ezidityanisiweyo zamayeza. Umzekelo, ekuhlanganiseni amayeza aqhelekileyo afana ne-penicillin, i-ibuprofen, i-vitamin B6. i-folic acid, i-guanine, i-acyclovir, i-barbiturates, i-norfloxacin, i-caffeine, kunye ne-berberine, i-sodium cyanide yinto ebalulekileyo. Ithatha inxaxheba kwiimpendulo ezibalulekileyo kwindlela yokwenza, inceda ekwakheni isakhiwo se-molecular samayeza kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokwenza amayeza.

2. Ishishini leeNtsholongwane : Likwayinto ebalulekileyo ekuvelisweni kweeNtsholongwane. IiNtsholongwane eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-glyphosate, i-paraquat, i-cyanazine, i-phenthoate, kunye ne-isoprothiolane zonke zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kwiinkqubo zazo zokwenza. I-sodium cyanide ibandakanyeka ekuhlanganisweni kwezithako ezisebenzayo zeeNtsholongwane, inika iiNtsholongwane iikhemikhali ezithile kunye neempawu zeeNtsholongwane, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni imveliso yezolimo kunye nokuthintela nokulawula iiNtsholongwane zezolimo.

3. Ishishini leDayi kunye nePigment : Kwishishini ledayi, i-sodium cyanide isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-cyanuric chloride. I-Cyanuric chloride ibalulekile kwidayi ezisabelayo kwaye ikwayinto eluhlaza yokuvelisa izinto ezikhanyayo ze-optical. Ithatha inxaxheba ekuhlanganiseni iidayi, inika iidayi iimpawu zombala ezintle kunye nokukhawuleza kombala, kwaye ikhuthaza uphuhliso lweshishini ledayi.

4. Ukwenziwa kweeCompounds ezikhethekileyo zeOrganic : I-Sodium cyanide ingasetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweecompounds ezahlukeneyo ze-organic, ezifana ne-cyanobenzyl kunye neemveliso zayo ze-derivative series, i-iminodiacetonitrile, i-iminodiacetic acid (i-ester), iimveliso ze-chelating agent series (EDTA, DTPA, NTA) kunye neemveliso zazo zetyuwa yesinyithi, i-glycine, i-hydroxyacetonitrile (i-asidi), njl. Ezi compounds ze-organic zinezicelo ezininzi kwiindawo ezifana nohlalutyo lweekhemikhali, unyango lwamanzi, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ze-organic. Umzekelo, ii-chelating agents zingasetyenziselwa ukubopha ii-ion zesinyithi, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthambiseni amanzi kunye neenkqubo zokwahlula ii-ion zesinyithi.

Iingqwalasela zoKhuseleko nokusiNgqongileyo

Ngenxa yetyhefu ephezulu, amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko kufuneka athathwe kwimveliso, ukuthutha, ukugcinwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide. Kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, abaqhubi kufuneka banxibe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela, kubandakanya igesi-iisuti eziqinileyo, iziphefumlo, kunye neeglavu zokukhusela, ukuthintela ukunxibelelana nesodium cyanide. Izixhobo zokuvelisa kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zokungenisa umoya eziphambili kunye ne-exhaust ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba umoya wendawo yokusebenza uhlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko. Ngexesha lokuthutha, i-sodium cyanide kufuneka ifakwe ngokuhambelana nemimiselo echaphazelekayo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiidramu zetsimbi ezitywiniweyo, kwaye zihanjiswe ngezithuthi ezikhethekileyo zokuthutha iikhemikhali ezinobungozi. Iindlela zothutho kufuneka zicwangciswe ngononophelo ukuphepha iindawo ezixineneyo kunye nemithombo yamanzi. Kwindawo yokugcina, kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo yokugcina impahla enempepho elungileyo, kude nemithombo yobushushu, imithombo yokutshisa, kunye nezinto ezingahambelaniyo ezinjengeeasidi kunye neeoksijini. Indawo yokugcina impahla kufuneka ixhotyiswe ngezinto ezivuzayo - ubungqina kunye nezixhobo zokulwa nobusela, kwaye isebenzise inkqubo yokulawula "itshixo ephindwe kabini".

Ngokumalunga nokukhuselwa kwendalo, "inkunkuma emithathu" eyenziwa kwimveliso ye-sodium cyanide kufuneka iphathwe ngokufanelekileyo. Amanzi amdaka aqulathe icyanide kufuneka acocwe ngekhemikhali oxidation okanye ezinye iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokubolisa iiyoni zecyanide kwizinto ezingeyiyo ityhefu phambi kokuba zilahlwe. Irhasi yenkunkuma equlethe i-hydrogen cyanide kufuneka icocwe ngokufunxwa okanye ngonyango lokutshiswa ukuze kuncitshiswe impembelelo yayo emoyeni. Inkunkuma eqinileyo enecyanide kufuneka igalelwe umhlaba ngokukhuselekileyo okanye icocwe ngamaziko akhethekileyo okucocwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi ukuthintela ukungcoliseka komhlaba namanzi aphantsi komhlaba.

isiphelo

Isodium cyanide, nangona inetyhefu ephezulu, yinto eyimfuneko kwishishini lanamhlanje. Ukususela kwimizi-mveliso ukuya kwimichiza emihle, iye yenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwetheknoloji, kwelinye icala, iindlela zokuvelisa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwe-sodium cyanide zihlolwa; ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwinkqubo yesicelo, kwenziwa iinzame zokuphucula izinga lokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yayo embi kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Kwixesha elizayo, i-sodium cyanide iya kuqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni uqoqosho lwezoshishino ngelixa ukhuseleko lokulinganisa olungcono, ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye neemfuno zokuvelisa.