Uguquko Lokuzulazula: Isiqondiso Sakusasa Semboni Yamakhemikhali

Isimo somhlaba sishintsha ngokushesha, sithinta isakhiwo sendawo yamakhemikhali esakhiwe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Njengemakethe yabathengi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, iChina kancane kancane ithatha umsebenzi obalulekile wokuguqula amakhemikhali. Imboni yamakhemikhali yaseYurophu iyaqhubeka nokuthuthukela embonini yamakhemikhali esezingeni eliphezulu, futhi imboni yamakhemikhali yaseNyakatho Melika iqala "ukubuyisela emuva ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke" kwezohwebo ngamakhemikhali. Imboni yamakhemikhali eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseMpumalanga Yurophu kancane kancane yandisa uchungechunge lwezimboni, ithuthukisa amandla okusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nokuncintisana komhlaba wonke. Izimboni zamakhemikhali emhlabeni wonke zisebenzisa izinzuzo zazo ukusheshisa intuthuko, futhi iphethini yemboni yamakhemikhali yomhlaba wonke ingase ibe nezinguquko ezinkulu esikhathini esizayo.

Ukuthambekela kokuthuthuka kwemboni yamakhemikhali yomhlaba wonke kufinyezwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

"Okubili" I-Carbon"Umkhuba ungashintsha ukuma kwezinkampani eziningi zamakhemikhali kaphethiloli

Amazwe amaningi emhlabeni amemezele ngokulandelana ukuthi i-China izofinyelela inani eliphakeme lekhabhoni ngo-2030 futhi izuze ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2060. Nakuba isimo samanje se-"dual carbon" sinomkhawulo, ngokuvamile, "i-carbon dual" kuseyisinyathelo okumele umhlaba usithathe ukuze ubhekane nokufudumala kwesimo sezulu.

Njengoba i -Petrochemical Industry ikhiqiza ingxenye enkulu yokukhishwa kwekhabhoni, iyimboni edinga ukwenza izinguquko ezinkulu ngaphansi komkhuba wekhabhoni ephindwe kabili. Ukulungiswa kwamasu kwezinkampani ze-petrochemical ukuze zibhekane nomkhuba wekhabhoni ephindwe kabili bekulokhu kugxilwe kakhulu embonini.

Ngaphansi komkhuba wekhabhoni embaxambili, izikhombisi-ndlela zokulungisa ze-European and American international oil giants ziyefana. Phakathi kwazo, iziqhwaga zikawoyela zaseMelika zizogxila ekuthuthukisweni kokubanjwa kwekhabhoni kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlobene bokuvalwa kwekhabhoni, futhi kuthuthukiswe ngamandla amandla e-biomass. Izikhondlakhondla zikawoyela zaseYurophu nezinye zamazwe ngamazwe zizoshintsha ukugxila kwazo kumandla avuselelekayo, ugesi ohlanzekile nezinye izinkomba.

Ngokuzayo, ngaphansi komkhuba wokuthuthukiswa jikelele "we-dual carbon", imboni yamakhemikhali yomhlaba wonke ingase ibe nezinguquko ezinkulu, futhi ezinye ezinkulu zikawoyela zamazwe ngamazwe zingase ziguquke zisuka kubahlinzeki benkonzo kawoyela bangempela ziye kubahlinzeki benkonzo yamandla amasha, ziguqule ukuma kwebhizinisi kwekhulunyaka elidlule.

Izinkampani zamakhemikhali zomhlaba zizoqhubeka nokusheshisa ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo

Ngokuthuthuka kwemboni yomhlaba wonke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa okulethwa imakethe ebulalayo kukhuthaze imakethe yamakhemikhali entsha esezingeni eliphezulu futhi kwakhuthaza umjikelezo omusha wokulungiswa kwesakhiwo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yamakhemikhali yomhlaba wonke.

Ngokuphathelene nesiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo sezimboni zomhlaba wonke, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla e-biomass kanye namandla amasha; ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto ezintsha, izinto ezisebenzayo, amakhemikhali kagesi, izinto zefilimu, ama-Catalyst amasha , njll. Ngaphansi kobuholi bezinkampani ezinkulu zamakhemikhali zamazwe ngamazwe, isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwalezi zimboni zamakhemikhali zomhlaba wonke sizojikeleza ezintweni ezintsha, isayensi yokuphila kanye nesayensi yezemvelo.

Ukukhanyiswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa ngamakhemikhali kulethe uguquko emhlabeni jikelele ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali

Ngokukhula kokutholakala kukawoyela we-shale e-United States, i-United States isishintshile isuka ekubeni ngumthengi wokuqala kawoyela ongahluziwe wathenga kwamanye amazwe yaya ekubeni ngumhwebi wamanje kawoyela ongahluziwe, okungagcinanga nje ngokuletha izinguquko ezinkulu ekwakhekeni kwamandla e-United States, kodwa futhi kube nomthelela omkhulu ohlelweni lwamandla omhlaba. Uwoyela we-shale wase-US unguwoyela ongahluziwe ongahluziwe, futhi ukwanda kukawoyela we-shale wase-US kukhulise ngokulinganayo ukwanda kokutholakala kukawoyela ongahluziwe.

Kodwa-ke, mayelana neChina, iChina ingumthengi womhlaba wonke kawoyela ongahluziwe. Amaphrojekthi amaningi okucwenga nokuhlanganisa amakhemikhali asakhiwayo asekelwe ikakhulukazi ekucutshungulweni kukawoyela ongahluziwe, okungadingi uwoyela ongahluziwe nje kuphela kodwa nowoyela ongahluziwe osindayo.

Ngokombono wokuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo, kulindeleke ukuthi ukukhanya emhlabeni jikelele kanye negebe lentengo kawoyela ongahluziwe linciphe kancane kancane, okulethe imithelela elandelayo embonini yamakhemikhali yomhlaba wonke:

Okokuqala, ukuncishiswa kwe-arbitrage kawoyela ongahluziwe okhanyayo nosindayo okudalwe ukuncishiswa kwegebe lentengo kawoyela ongahluziwe elilula futhi elisindayo kuthinte ukuziphatha okuqagelayo nge-arbitrage yentengo kawoyela njengemodeli yebhizinisi eyinhloko, ekhuthaza ukusebenza okuzinzile kwemakethe kawoyela ongahluziwe yomhlaba.

Okwesibili, ngokwanda kokutholakala kukawoyela omncane kanye nokwehla kwamanani entengo, kulindeleke ukuthi kukhuphule ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela omncane emhlabeni wonke futhi kukhuphule izinga lokukhiqizwa kwe-naphtha. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kokuthambekela komhlaba wonke kwezinto ezingavuthiwe eziqhekeka ukukhanya, ukusetshenziswa kwe-naphtha kulindeleke ukuthi kwehle, okungase kuholele ekwenyukeni kokungqubuzana phakathi kokunikezwa kwe-naphtha nokusetshenziswa, ngaleyo ndlela kwehle okulindelwe yinani le-naphtha.

Okwesithathu, ukukhula kokunikezwa kukawoyela okhanyayo kuzonciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo esindayo engaphansi komfula esekelwe kuwoyela ogcwele uhla olugcwele, njengemikhiqizo enamakha, udizili, i-petroleum coke, njll. Lo mkhuba wokuthuthukiswa nawo uhambisana nokulindela ukuthi izinto eziluhlaza eziqhekeka kalula zizoholela ekwehleni kwemikhiqizo enamakha, okungase kwandise isimo sokuqagela emakethe yemikhiqizo ehlobene.

Okwesine, ukuncishiswa kwegebe lentengo phakathi kukawoyela ongahluziwe olula kanye nosindayo kungase kwenyuse izindleko zempahla yebhizinisi elididiyelwe lokucwenga, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise okulindelwe yinzuzo kumaphrojekthi adidiyelwe wokucwenga. Ngaphansi kwalo mkhuba, kuzothuthukiswa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinga lokucwengisiswa kwezinkampani zokucwenga ezididiyelwe.

Imboni yamakhemikhali yomhlaba wonke ingase ikhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa okwengeziwe nokuhlelwa kabusha

Ngaphansi kwesizinda se-"carbon dual", "inguquko yesakhiwo samandla" kanye "ne-anti-globalization", indawo yokuncintisana yamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi izoba nzima kakhulu, futhi ububi obufana nesilinganiso, izindleko, imali, ubuchwepheshe, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kuzothinta kakhulu amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi.

Ngokuphambene, iziqhwaga zamazwe ngamazwe ze-petrochemical zenza ukuhlanganiswa kwebhizinisi okuphelele kanye nokwenza kahle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bazoqeda kancane kancane amabhizinisi endabuko e-petrochemical asebenzisa amandla aphezulu, inani eliphansi elingeziwe, kanye nokungcola okuphezulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuze kuzuzwe ukugxila kwebhizinisi lomhlaba wonke, ama-petrochemical giants azonaka kakhulu ukuhlanganiswa nokutholwa kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha. Isilinganiso sokusebenza nenani lokuhlanganisa nokutholwa kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha nakho kuyizisekelo ezibalulekile zokuhlola umjikelezo wemboni yamakhemikhali wendawo. Yebo, mayelana nezomnotho ezisafufusa, zisasebenzisa ukuzakhela njengemodeli eyinhloko yokuthuthukiswa futhi zifinyelele ukunwetshwa okusheshayo nokukhulu ngokuthola izimali.

Kulindeleke ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali nokuhlelwa kabusha kuzogxiliswa kakhulu emazweni athuthukile njenge-Europe ne-United States, futhi amazwe athuthukayo amelwe yi-China angase abambe iqhaza ngokusesilinganisweni.

Isiqondiso samasu esizayo sesikhathi esimaphakathi neside semidondoshiya yamakhemikhali singase sigxile kakhulu

Ukulandela isiqondiso sentuthuko yamasu e- Global Chemical Giants kuyindlela yokulandelela elandelanayo, kodwa inokubaluleka okuthile okubhekiselwe kukho.

Uma sibheka izilinganiso zama-giant amakhemikhali kaphethroli, amaningi awo aqala emkhakheni othile wobungcweti abese eqala ukuhlukana nokukhula. I-logic yentuthuko iyonke inokuguquguquka okuthile, ukuhlangana-ukwahlukana-ukuhlangana-ukwahlukana futhi... Njengamanje futhi esikhathini esithile esizayo, ama-giant angase abe semjikelezweni wokuhlangana, imisebenzi yawo inamagatsha amaningi, imifelandawonye eqinile, kanye neziqondiso zamasu ezigxile kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-BASF izoba isiqondiso esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa kwamasu emikhakheni ye- Coatings , ama-catalyst, izinto ezisebenzayo, njll., futhi i-Huntsman izoqhubeka nokuthuthukisa iBhizinisi layo le-Polyurethane esikhathini esizayo.