ʻO Sodium Cyanide: Nā Pono Kemika a me nā Mechanism Reaction

Introduction

ʻO ka sodium cyanide (NaCN) kahi hui kemika nona nā noi ʻoihana a me nā hopena palekana koʻikoʻi ma muli o kona ʻano ʻawahia loa. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kona mau waiwai kemika a me nā ʻano hana pane he mea nui ia no ka lawelawe palekana, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana, a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni. Manaʻo kēia ʻatikala e hāʻawi i kahi ʻike piha o nā ʻano kemika a me nā ala hana o ka Sodium cyanide.

ʻO nā waiwai kemika o ka Sodium Cyanide

Keʻano kino

ʻO ka sodium cyanide kahi paʻa keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma ka lumi wela. Loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano aniani cubic a ʻike pinepine ʻia e like me nā granule liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole ʻala (ke maloʻo) a i ʻole ka pauka. Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka makū a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻakika, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokuʻu i ke kinoea hydrogen cyanide, nona kahi ʻala ʻawaʻawa ʻawaʻawa. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole hiki i nā kānaka a pau ke ʻike i kēia ʻala, no ka mea, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hiki ke honi ia mea.

Palekana

Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka NaCN i ka wai. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o nā ion sodium (Na⁺) a me nā ion cyanide (CN⁻) e like me ka hoohalike penei:

NaCN(s) H2O, Na+(aq) Na+ (aq) + CN-(aq)

ʻO kēia hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka wai e lilo ia i mea pōʻino kaiapuni no ka mea hiki ke hoʻohaumia i nā kumu wai. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kekahi polar organic solvents e like me ka methanol a me ka ethanol.

ʻO ke kūlana

He paʻa iki ka sodium cyanide ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau. Eia nō naʻe, he mea maʻalahi ia i ka wela, ka makū, a me nā waikawa. Ke hoʻomehana ʻia, hiki iā ia ke palaho, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ke kinoea hydrogen cyanide ʻawahia loa. I ke alo o nā waikawa, ʻoiai nā waikawa nāwaliwali e like me ka waikawa Carbon ic (i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ai ke kalapona dioxide i ka wai), e hana ʻia kēia hopena:- NaCN + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3 + HCN↑

Hōʻike kēia hopena i ke koʻikoʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka Sodium Cyanide ma kahi maloʻo a anu hoʻi, kahi mamao aku mai nā mea ʻakika.

Nā Hana Hana o ka Sodium Cyanide

Pane me Metala

Ua kaulana ʻo Sodium cyanide no kona hiki ke hana i nā hui me nā metala. ʻO kekahi o nā noi maʻamau i ka unuhi ʻana i ke gula a me ke kālā mai kā lākou mau ores i ka ʻoihana mining. I ke alo o ka oxygen a me ka wai, hana ka sodium cyanide me ke gula (Au) i loko o ka ore e hana i kahi hui gula - cyanide hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka hopena holoʻokoʻa penei:

4Au+8NaCN+O2+2H2O→4Na[Au(CN)2]+ 4NaOH

Ma kēia pane ʻana, hui pū nā iona cyanide me nā ʻātoma gula, e hoʻohuli ana i ke gula hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka ʻeleʻele i loko o kahi paʻakikī hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka pōhaku i koe a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hopena e pili ana i ka oxidation o ke gula e ka oxygen, a ukali ʻia e ka paʻakikī o ke gula oxidized me nā ion cyanide.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

He mau nucleophile ikaika nā iona Cyanide (CN⁻). I loko o ke kemika organik, hiki iā lākou ke komo i nā hopena hoʻololi nucleophilic. No ka laʻana, ke hana kahi alkyl halide (R - X, kahi ʻo R kahi hui alkyl a ʻo X kahi halogen) me ka sodium cyanide i loko o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe aprotic e like me dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hana ʻia kēia hopena: RX + NaCNR-CN + NaX

Hoʻouka ka cyanide ion i ka ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka halogen, e hoʻoneʻe ana i ka atom halogen i kahi pane hoʻololi. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia hopena i ka synthesis o nā nitriles, he mau mea koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā pūhui organik like ʻole e like me nā waikawa carboxylic, amines, a me nā pūhui heterocyclic.

Pane me ka wai (Hydrolysis)

E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, hiki i ka sodium cyanide ke hana me ka wai i loko o kahi hopena hydrolysis. I ke alo o ka wai, hiki i ka ion cyanide ke ʻae i kahi proton mai ka wai e hana i ka hydrogen cyanide a me nā ion hydroxide: CN-(aq) + H2O(l) HCN (aq) + OH-(aq)

Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia kēia hopena hydrolysis, a ʻo ke kūlana o ka equilibrium e pili ana i nā mea e like me ka pH a me ka mahana. I loko o nā hāʻina ʻakika, hoʻololi ka equilibrium i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kinoea hydrogen cyanide, ʻoiai ma nā haʻina kumu, noho nui ka cyanide ion i kona ʻano anionic.