Sodium Cyanide: Ihe dị mkpa sitere na Synthesis ụlọ ọrụ ruo na kemịkalụ dị mma

Okwu Mmalite

Sodium cyanide , nke nwere usoro kemịkalụ NaCN, bụ ntụ ọcha kristal. Ọ na-agbaze nke ukwuu na mmiri ma nwee obere isi almond ilu. Dịka ihe dị mkpa maka kemịkalụ dị mkpa, Sodium cyanide na-arụ ọrụ a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọkachasị na mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na kemịkalụ dị mma.

Njirimara nke anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal

Sodium cyanide bụ usoro kristal cubic. Ọ bụ nke ukwuu soluble na mmiri na mfe hydrolyzes na-emepụta hydrogen cyanide, ya aqueous ngwọta na-egosi ike alkalinity. Ebe mgbaze ya bụ 563.7 Celsius C, ebe isi ya bụ 1496 Celsius. Ọ nwere njupụta nke 1.595 g/cm³. Sodium cyanide bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, na ọbụlagodi ọnụọgụ nke kọntaktị site na ọnya akpụkpọ ahụ, iku ume, ma ọ bụ iri nri nwere ike ibute ọnwụ. Nke a na-egbu egbu dị elu bụ n'ihi cyanide ion (CN⁻) dị na ya, nke nwere ike ijikọta ya na ferric ion na sel ọbara, na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara kwụsị ọrụ na-ebu oxygen, na n'ikpeazụ na-eduga na ọnwụ ngwa ngwa nke organism n'ihi hypoxia.

Ụzọ njikọ mmepụta ihe

1. Usoro Andrussow : Usoro a na-eji gas eke, ammonia, na ikuku dị ka ihe eji emepụta ihe, yana platinum-rhodium alloy dị ka ihe na-akwalite mmeghachi omume. Mmeghachi omume a na-eme n'oge okpomọkụ dị elu. Gas eke (karịsịa methane) na-emeghachi omume na ammonia na oxygen n'ihu ihe na-akwalite mmepụta hydrogen cyanide, mgbe ahụ hydrogen cyanide na-emeghachi omume na ngwọta sodium hydroxide iji nweta Sodium Cyanide . Enwere ike ịkọwa mmeghachi omume niile dị ka: CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O, HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Usoro a nwere arụmọrụ mmepụta dị elu ma dabara adaba maka mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ buru ibu. Agbanyeghị, ọ chọrọ ọnọdụ mmeghachi omume dị elu na njikwa siri ike nke oke ihe eji emepụta ihe na paramita mmeghachi omume.

2. Ụzọ Pyrolysis nke Mmanụ Dị Mfe : A na-ekupụ ammonia mmiri mmiri wee gwakọta ya na mmanụ dị mfe n'ime igwekota ma kpoo ya ọkụ. Gas agwakọtara nke a na-etinye n'ọkụ na-abanye n'ọkụ na-agbawa agbawa, ebe mmeghachi omume mgbawa na-eme na okpomọkụ dị elu (ihe dị ka 1450 °C). A na-eji coke mmanụ dị ka ihe na-ebu ya, a na-ejikwa nitrogen dị ka gas nchebe iji gbochie oxidation. Gas na-agbawa agbawa nwere hydrogen cyanide. Mgbe usoro dịka iwepụ ammonia, ịmịkọrọ mmiri, idozi ya, na mgbaze, a na-enweta hydrogen cyanide, wee meghachi omume na ngwọta sodium hydroxide iji nweta sodium cyanide mmiri mmiri . Enwere ike itinyekwu sodium cyanide mmiri mmiri ma mee ka ọ dị ka kristal iji nweta sodium cyanide siri ike. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro a nwere teknụzụ tozuru okè, ọ nwekwara nsogbu dịka desulfurization siri ike na iwepụ hydrogen cyanide na-adịghị ọcha, oriri ike dị elu nke ngwaahịa, nnukwu ihe isi ike na ọgwụgwọ "ihe mkpofu atọ", na ọnụ ahịa mmepụta dị elu.

3. Usoro ngwaahịa Acrylonitrile : N'usoro mmepụta acrylonitrile site na ammoxidation nke propylene, a na-emepụta gas hydrogen cyanide dị ka ngwaahịa site na - (ọnụọgụ ya hà nhata 4% - 10% nke mmepụta acrylonitrile). Gas sitere na reactor nwere ammonia karịrị akarị. Mgbe ewepụsịrị ammonia na acid sulfuric diluted, gas mmeghachi omume na-abanye n'ụlọ elu mmiri oyi iji na-amịkọrọ acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, na acrolein, wdg. Mmiri nnabata ahụ na-agafe usoro nkewa na nhicha ndị ọzọ dịka mkpebi na ndozi iji nweta ngwaahịa acrylonitrile dị ọcha na site na - ngwaahịa hydrogen cyanide. A na-etinye hydrogen cyanide site na ngwọta alkali iji mepụta sodium cyanide. Ngwaahịa ndị e nwetara site na usoro a enweghị ihe ruru unyi na obere ọdịnaya sulfur. Agbanyeghị, ikike mmepụta acrylonitrile na-ejedebe ya. Ugbu a, mmepụta acrylonitrile na China erutela njupụta, mmepụta ya siri ike ịbawanye nke ukwuu.

Ngwa na Fine Chemicals

1. Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọgwụ : A na-ejikarị Sodium cyanide eme ihe n'ịmepụta ọgwụ ndị na-eme ka ọgwụ dị n'etiti ọgwụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ịmepụta ụfọdụ ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị dịka penicillin, ibuprofen, vitamin B6. folic acid, guanine, acyclovir, barbiturates, norfloxacin, caffeine, na berberine, sodium cyanide bụ ihe dị mkpa. Ọ na-esonye na mmeghachi omume dị mkpa na ụzọ mmepụta, na-enyere aka iwuli usoro molekul nke ọgwụ ahụ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro mmepụta ọgwụ niile.

2. Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọgwụ Nkụcha Ahụ́ : Ọ bụkwa ihe dị mkpa n'imepụta ọgwụ ahụhụ. Ọgwụ ahụhụ ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe dịka glyphosate, paraquat, cyanazine, phenthoate, na isoprothiolane chọrọ ka e jiri sodium cyanide mee ihe n'usoro mmepụta ha. Sodium cyanide na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ahụhụ, na-enye ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere usoro kemịkalụ pụrụ iche na ihe ndị na-egbu nje, nke dị oke mkpa maka ijide n'aka na mmepụta ugbo na igbochi na ịchịkwa ahụhụ ọrụ ugbo.

3. Ụlọ Ọrụ Agba na Agba : N'ime ụlọ ọrụ agba, a na-eji sodium cyanide emepụta ihe ndị dị mkpa dịka cyanuric chloride. Cyanuric chloride bụ ihe dị mkpa maka agba ndị na-emegharị ahụ ma bụrụkwa ihe eji emepụta ihe na-eme ka ihe na-egbuke egbuke. Ọ na-esonye na mmepụta nke agba, na-enye agba ndị nwere àgwà agba mara mma na agba ngwa ngwa, ma na-akwalite mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ agba.

4. Njikọta nke Ngwakọta Pụrụ Iche nke Organic : Enwere ike iji sodium cyanide mepụta ọtụtụ ihe ndị pụrụ iche nke organic, dịka cyanobenzyl na ngwaahịa usoro ya, iminodiacetonitrile, iminodiacetic acid (ester), ngwaahịa usoro ihe ndị na-emepụta chelating agent (EDTA, DTPA, NTA) na ngwaahịa nnu metal ha, glycine, hydroxyacetonitrile (acid), wdg. Ngwakọta organic ndị a nwere ọtụtụ ojiji n'ọhịa dịka nyocha kemịkalụ, ọgwụgwọ mmiri, na njikọta organic. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji ihe ndị na-emepụta chelating kee ion metal, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro nkewa ion metal.

Nchekwa na nchekwa gburugburu

N'ihi oke nsi ya, a ghaghị iwere usoro nchekwa siri ike na mmepụta, njem, nchekwa, na iji sodium cyanide. N'ime usoro mmepụta, ndị na-arụ ọrụ kwesịrị iyi ngwa nchebe onwe ha kwesịrị ekwesị, gụnyere gas - suut siri ike, respirators, na gloves nchebe, iji gbochie kọntaktị na sodium cyanide. Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta kwesịrị ịkwado ya na ikuku ventilashị dị elu na usoro ikpochapu iji hụ na ikuku ebe ọrụ na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nchekwa. N'oge njem, a ga-edobe sodium cyanide n'ụzọ kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ ndị dị mkpa, na-abụkarị n'ime igwe anaghị agba nchara, ma jiri ụgbọ njem kemịkalụ pụrụiche dị ize ndụ buru ya. Ekwesịrị iji nlezianya hazie ụzọ njem iji zere ebe ndị mmadụ juru na isi mmiri. Na nchekwa, ekwesịrị ịchekwa ya n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe raara onwe ya nye nke nwere ezigbo ikuku ventilashị, pụọ na ebe okpomọkụ, ihe mgbanye ọkụ, na ihe ndị na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ dị ka acid na oxidants. Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe kwesịrị ịkwado ya na nkwụsị - ihe akaebe na mgbochi - ụlọ ohi, ma mejuputa usoro nlekọta "okpukpu abụọ - mkpọchi".

N'ihe gbasara nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, "ihe mkpofu atọ" a na-emepụta na mmepụta nke sodium cyanide ga-edozi nke ọma. Ekwesịrị ịgwọ mmiri mkpofu nke nwere cyanide site na oxidation kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mebie ion cyanide n'ime ihe na-adịghị egbu egbu tupu ahapụ ya. Ekwesịrị ịsacha gas mkpofu nwere hydrogen cyanide site na nnabata ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ ọkụ iji belata mmetụta ọ na-enwe na ikuku. Ekwesịrị ka ejuju ahịhịa siri ike nwere cyanide n'enweghị nsogbu ma ọ bụ gwọọ ya site na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche dị ize ndụ iji gbochie mmetọ nke ala na mmiri ala.

mmechi

Sodium cyanide, n'agbanyeghị oke nsi ya, bụ ihe dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Site na njikọ ụlọ ọrụ ruo na kemịkalụ mara mma, o nyela onyinye dị mkpa n'akụkụ dị iche iche. Site na mmepe nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu, n'otu aka ahụ, a na-enyocha usoro mmepụta nke sodium cyanide na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na gburugburu ebe obibi; N'aka nke ọzọ, n'ime usoro ntinye, a na-eme mgbalị iji meziwanye ọnụego ojiji nke sodium cyanide ma belata mmetụta ọjọọ ya na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọdịnihu, sodium cyanide ga-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke akụ na ụba mmepụta ihe ma na-edozi nchekwa nke ọma, nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi, na mkpa mmepụta.