Kedu ihe nrụpụta kemịkalụ nwere ike iji sodium cyanide jikere?

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) bụ ihe kemịkalụ dị oke njọ mana ọ dị mkpa. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na mmepụta nke ihe kemịkalụ dị iche iche n'ihi mmeghachi omume nke otu cyanide (-CN). Lee ụfọdụ ihe kemịkalụ dị mkpa enwere ike iji Sodium cyanide kwadebe :

Mmepụta Cyanide inorganic

1. Ferro cyanide : Sodium cyanide na-emeghachi omume na nnu ígwè iji mepụta ferro Cyanide . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmeghachi omume nke Sodium Cyanide na ferrous sulfate nwere ike imepụta sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). A na-ejikarị ihe mejupụtara a eme ihe n'ịmepụta agba anụnụ anụnụ dị ka Prussian blue, ọ na-ejikwakwa ya eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ nri dị ka ihe na-egbochi achịcha na nnu. Enwere ike igosi mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ dị ka:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2. Ihe mejupụtara Cyanide nke ọla : Sodium cyanide nwere ike ịmepụta ihe mgbagwoju anya nwere ọtụtụ ion ígwè. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ịmịpụta ọlaedo na ọlaọcha, n'ihu oxygen, ọlaedo na ọlaọcha na-emeghachi omume na sodium cyanide iji mepụta ihe mejupụtara cyanide metal na-agbaze agbaze. Maka ọlaedo, mmeghachi omume ahụ bụ dị ka ndị a:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

A na-arụzikwa ụlọ ndị a - metal - cyanide complexes iji nweta ọla dị ọcha. Na mgbakwunye na ọla edo na ọlaọcha, sodium cyanide nwekwara ike ịmepụta ogige ndị nwere ọla dị ka ọla kọpa, zinc, na nickel, nke nwere ngwa na electroplating na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ihe atụ, na electroplating, metal - cyanide complexes na-eji dị ka electrolytes iji hụ na a na-eji ire ụtọ na otu ntinye ntinye nke metal na mkpụrụ.

Ihe mmepụta nke Cyanide Organic

1. Ihe ndị sitere na Malonic Acid : A na-eji Sodium cyanide eme ihe na njikọta nke ihe ndị sitere na malonic acid. Otu usoro a na-emekarị bụ imeghachi sodium cyanide na chloroacetic acid iji mepụta cyanoacetic acid mbụ. Mmeghachi omume ya bụ:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

Enwere ike imeziwanye cyanoacetic acid iji mepụta esters malic acid, dị ka diethyl malonate. Ihe mmepụta nke Malonic acid bụ ihe dị mkpa na-ewu ụlọ n'ime njikọ organic, karịsịa na njikọ nke ọgwụ, ihe esiji ákwà, na ụtọ. A na-ejikarị ha eme ihe na Knoevenagel condensation na mmeghachi omume ndị ọzọ iji wuo ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya.

2. Ngwakọta Nitrile : Enwere ike iji sodium cyanide gbanwee haloalkanes ma ọ bụ aryl halides ka ọ bụrụ nitriles site na mmeghachi omume nnọchi nucleophilic. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe bromoethane meghachiri omume na sodium cyanide, propionitrile na-etolite:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

Nitriles bụ ogige dị iche iche. Enwere ike ịme ha hydrolyzed ka ọ bụrụ carboxylic acid, belata na amines, ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe na njikọ nke ogige heterocyclic. Na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ, ọtụtụ ọgwụ nwere nitrile na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche, na iji sodium cyanide na njikọ nke nitriles na-enye ụzọ dị mkpa maka nkwadebe nke ọgwụ ndị a.

3. Cyanohydrins : Aldehydes na ketone nwere ike imeghachi omume na sodium cyanide n'ihu ihe na-akpali acid iji mepụta cyanohydrins. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmeghachi omume nke acetone na sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C (OH) CN + Na⁺

Cyanohydrins bụ ihe etiti bara uru na njikọ organic. Enwere ike gbanwee ha gaa n'òtù dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ, dị ka acid carboxylic, amines, na alcohols, site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Na njikọ nke ụfọdụ ngwaahịa eke na ọgwụ, cyanohydrins na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịrụ carbon - ọkpụkpụ na iwebata otu ọrụ.

4. Ihe ndị sitere na Triazine : N'ime mmepụta nke ihe ndị dị ka melamine, sodium cyanide nwere ike itinye aka na netwọk mmeghachi omume. Ọ bụ ezie na mmeghachi omume kpọmkwem nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya ma na-agụnyekarị ọtụtụ usoro, otu cyanide sitere na sodium cyanide na-enye aka na nhazi nke usoro mgbanaka triazine. A na-ejikarị Melamine eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmepụta nke plastik, ihe nrapado, na mkpuchi. Ihe atụ ọzọ bụ njikọta nke cyanuric chloride (trichlorotriazine), nke bụ ihe dị mkpa n'etiti mmepụta nke ahịhịa ogwu, ọgwụ nje, na agba reactive. Mmepụta nke cyanuric chloride site na sodium cyanide na-agụnyekarị usoro mmeghachi omume gụnyere chlorination nke ihe ndị metụtara cyanide.

5. Amino Acids na ihe ndị ha si na ya pụta : N'ụfọdụ ụzọ e si emepụta amino acid, enwere ike iji sodium cyanide. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Strecker synthesis nke amino acid, aldehyde ma ọ bụ ketone na-emeghachi omume na ammonia na sodium cyanide iji mepụta aminonitrile intermediate, nke a na-emezi hydrolyzed na amino acid kwekọrọ. Malite na aldehyde RCHO, mmeghachi omume ndị a bụ ndị a:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂) CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

Amino acid bụ ihe na-ewu ụlọ nke protein ma nwee nnukwu ngwa na ụlọ ọrụ nri, ọgwụ na ịchọ mma.

Ekwesiri imesi ya ike na n'ihi oke nsi nke sodium cyanide, a ghaghị ịgbaso usoro nchebe siri ike na usoro nhazi n'oge a na-eji ya eme ihe na nkwadebe nke ihe ndị a na-emepụta kemịkalụ iji hụ na nchekwa nke ndị ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.