Ndeapi Makemikari Anotorwa Anogona Sodium Cyanide Kushandiswa Kugadzirira?

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ichepfu yakanyanya asi yakakosha kemikari mbishi zvinhu. Inoita basa rakakosha mukubatanidzwa kweakasiyana-siyana Kemikari inobuda nekuda kwekuitazve kweboka recyanide (-CN). Heano mamwe eakakosha emakemikari anotorwa anogona kugadzirwa uchishandisa Sodium cyanide:

Inorganic Cyanide Derivatives

1.Ferrocyanides: Sodium cyanide inopindirana nesimbi yemunyu kugadzira ferroCyanides. Semuenzaniso, reaction ye Sodium Cyanide ine ferrous sulfate inogona kupa sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Mushonga uyu unoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwemavara eblue pigment sePrussian blue, uye zvakare ane maapplications muindasitiri yechikafu senge anticaking agent mumunyu. Iyo Chemical reaction inogona kumiririrwa se:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2.Cyanide Complexes yeMasimbi: Sodium cyanide inogona kugadzira macomplexes ane maion akawanda esimbi. Mukutorwa kwegoridhe nesirivha, semuenzaniso, pamberi peokisijeni, goridhe nesirivha zvinopindirana nazvo sodium cyanide kugadzira soluble metal cyanide complexes. Nekuda kwegoridhe, maitiro anotevera:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Idzi simbi - cyanide complexes dzinobva dzaitwazve kuti dziwane simbi dzakachena. Pamusoro pegoridhe nesirivheri, sodium cyanide inogonawo kugadzira macomplexes ane simbi semhangura, zingi, uye nickel, ane maapplication mu electroplating nemamwe maindasitiri. Semuenzaniso, mu electroplating, simbi - cyanide complexes inoshandiswa se electrolytes kuve nechokwadi chekugadzika uye yunifomu yesimbi pane substrate.

Organic Cyanide Derivatives

1.Malonic Acid Derivatives: Sodium cyanide inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemalonic acid derivatives. Imwe nzira yakajairika ndeyekuita sodium cyanide ne chloroacetic acid kuumba cyanoacetic acid kutanga. Mhinduro ndeyekuti:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

Cyanoacetic acid inogona kuzowedzerwa esterified kugadzira malonic acid esters, senge diethyl malonate. Malonic acid inotorwa zvivakwa zvakakosha zvekuvaka mune organic synthesis, kunyanya mukugadzirwa kwemishonga, madhayi, uye zvinonaka. Iwo anowanzo shandiswa muKnoevenagel condensation uye mamwe maitiro ekuvaka mamwe akaomarara organic mamorekuru.

2.Nitrile Compounds: Sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa kushandura haloalkanes kana aryl halides kuita nitriles kuburikidza nucleophilic substitution reactions. Somuenzaniso, apo bromoethane inopindirana ne sodium cyanide, propionitrile inoumbwa:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

Nitriles zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Inogona kuve yakagadziriswa hydrolyzed kuti iite carboxylic acids, yakaderedzwa kuita maamines, kana kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kweheterocyclic makomisheni. Muchigadzirwa chemishonga, mishonga yakawanda ine nitrile inoshanda mapoka, uye kushandiswa kwe sodium cyanide mukugadzirwa kwe nitriles kunopa nzira inokosha yekugadzirira kwemishonga iyi.

3.Cyanohydrins: Aldehydes uye ketoni zvinogona kuita ne sodium cyanide muhupo hwe acid catalyst kuumba cyanohydrins. Semuenzaniso, kuita kweacetone ine sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

Cyanohydrins inobatsira yepakati mune organic synthesis. Zvinogona kushandurwa zvakare kuita mapoka akasiyana-siyana anoshanda, senge carboxylic acids, maamines, uye madoro, nemaitiro akakodzera emakemikari. Mukubatanidza kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo nemishonga, macyanohydrins anoita basa rakakosha mukuvaka kabhoni - skeleton uye kuunza mapoka anoshanda.

4.Triazine Derivatives: Mukugadzirwa kwemakomisheni senge melamine, sodium cyanide inogona kubatanidzwa mukuita network. Kunyange zvazvo mhinduro yakananga inogona kunge yakaoma uye inowanzobatanidza matanho akawanda, boka re cyanide kubva ku sodium cyanide rinobatsira pakuumbwa kwe triazine ring structure. Melamine inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira mapurasitiki, zvinonamira, uye machira. Mumwe muenzaniso ndeyekuumbwa kwe cyanuric chloride (trichlorotriazine), iyo yakakosha yepakati mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yesora, mishonga yezvipembenene, uye dhayi dzinoshanda. Iyo synthesis ye cyanuric chloride kubva ku sodium cyanide inowanzo sanganisira nhevedzano yemaitiro anosanganisira chlorination yecyanide - inoenderana precursors.

5.Amino Acids uye Zvigadzirwa Zvavo: Mune dzimwe nzira dzekugadzira dzeamino acids, sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa. Semuenzaniso, muStrecker synthesis yeamino acids, aldehyde kana ketone inopindirana neammonia uye sodium cyanide kuti iite aminonitrile yepakati, iyo inobva yaita hydrolyzed kune inoenderana amino acid. Kutanga nealdehyde RCHO, maitiro akaita seanotevera:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

Amino acids ndiwo anovaka mapuroteni uye ane hupamhi hwekushandisa mumaindasitiri ezvekudya, emishonga, uye zvekuzora.

Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti nekuda kwehupfu hwepamusoro hwe sodium cyanide, matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza uye maitiro ekubata anofanirwa kuteverwa panguva yekushandiswa kwayo mukugadzirira kwemakemikari anobuda kuti ave nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwevashandi uye zvakatipoteredza.