Lipatlisiso mabapi le Karabelo lipakeng tsa Silver Sulfide le Sodium Cyanide

1. Selelekela

Karabelo pakeng tsa Silver sulfide (\(Ag_2S \)) le Sodium cyanide (\(NaCN \)) e na le litlamorao tse kholo masimong a fapaneng, haholo-holo ho ntšoeng ha silevera ho tsoa marong a eona. Ho utloisisa karabelo ena ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa lits'ebetso tsa indasteri le bakeng sa kutloisiso e tebileng ea tekano ea lik'hemik'hale le kinetics litsamaisong tse rarahaneng.

2. Melao-motheo ea Boitšoaro

2.1 Tekano ea Lik'hemik'hale

Karabelo pakeng tsa silver sulfide le Sodium Cyanide e ka emeloa

b equation ea lik'hemik'hale e latelang boteng ba moea:\(2Ag_2S + 8NaCN + O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Ag(CN)_2] + 4NaOH + 2S\)

Karabelong ena, sulfide ea silevera e arabela le sodium cyanide . Silivera e ka har'a sulfide ea silevera e etsa ion e rarahaneng, ion e rarahaneng ea siliver cyanide \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-} \), ha sebabole se ka har'a sulfide ea silevera se oxidized ho ba sebabole sa elemental. Oksijene e moeeng e nka karolo karabelong, e sebetsa e le moemeli oa oxidizing.

2.2 Sebopeho se rarahaneng sa Ion

Silevera e na le tšekamelo e matla ea ho theha li-ion tse rarahaneng ka li-ion tsa cyanide. Sebopeho sa \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-} \) se tsamaisoa ke botsitso bo phahameng ba ion ena e rarahaneng. Tekano e tsitsitseng bakeng sa ho thehoa ha \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-} \) e batla e le kholo, ho bolelang hore karabelo ea li-ion tsa silevera tse nang le li-ion tsa cyanide ho theha motsoako ona o molemo haholo. Ion e rarahaneng \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-}\) e qhibiliha haholo metsing ha e bapisoa le silver sulfide, e sa qhibiliheng. Phapang ena ea solubility ke ntlha ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea kakaretso ea karabelo.

2.3 Oxidation ea Sebabole

Sebabole ka sulfide ea silevera e maemong a -2 a oxidation. Nakong ea karabelo ea sodium cyanide ka pel'a moea, sebabole se na le oxidized. Oksijene e tsoang moeeng e fana ka matla a oxidizing. Oxidation ea sebabole ho tloha ho -2 ho ea ho 0 (sebabole sa motheo) ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea mokhoa oa ho itšoara. Tsela ea ho itšoara ka tsela ea oxidation ea sebabole e kenyelletsa letoto la mehato ea elektronike - ho fetisa mehato, e amanang haufi-ufi le tekanyo ea kakaretso ea ho itšoara le ho thehoa ha lihlahisoa.

3. Maemo a ho itšoara

3.1 Mehopolo ea Thermodynamic

Thermodynamically, karabelo e tobileng ea silevera ea sulfide e nang le sodium cyanide ntle le boteng ba oxidizing e joalo ka moea e na le phetoho e ntle ea matla a Gibbs (\(\Delta G>0\)). Sena se bontša hore karabelo ha e iketsahalle feela tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng. Tekatekano e sa fetoheng (\(K\)) bakeng sa karabelo \(Ag_2S + 4NaCN\rightleftharpoons 2Na[Ag(CN)_2]+Na_2S\) e nyane. Leha ho le joalo, ha oksijene e kenngoa, karabelo e akaretsang e fetoha e iketsahallang feela. Oxidation ea sebabole ka oksijene e fana ka matla a ho hlola ho se be teng ha karabelo ea pele lipakeng tsa silver sulfide le sodium cyanide.

3.2 Litlhoko tsa ho tsepamisa maikutlo

E le hore karabelo e tsoele pele ka katleho, ho hlokahala motsoako o lekaneng oa sodium cyanide. Kaha silver sulfide ha e qhibilihe ka metsing, ho hlokahala hore ho be le li-ion tse ngata tsa cyanide ho rarahana le li-ion tsa silevera tse lokolloang butle ho silver sulfide. Lipalo li bonts'itse hore \(0.1mol\) ea \(Ag_2S\) e qhibilihang ho \(1L\) ea \(NaCN\) tharollo, tekanyo e tlase ea \(NaCN\) e hlokahalang e ka ba \(12.97mol/L\). Tlhokahalo ena e phahameng ea mahloriso e bakoa ke ho qhibiliha ho tlase ha silevera ea sulfide le tlhokahalo ea ho fetola tekano ea mokhoa o rarahaneng - sebopeho sa sebopeho sa ion ea silevera - cyanide complex.

3.3 Mocheso le Khatello

Leha karabelo lipakeng tsa silver sulfide le sodium cyanide e ka hlaha mochesong oa kamore, ho eketseha ha mocheso ka kakaretso ho ka potlakisa sekhahla sa karabelo. Lithempereichara tse phahameng li eketsa matla a kinetic a limolek'hule tse reactant, e leng se lebisang ho thulana khafetsa le ho matla. Leha ho le joalo, lithempereichara tse phahameng haholo le tsona li ka baka litlamorao, joalo ka ho bola ha metsoako ea cyanide. Khatello ha e na tšusumetso e tobileng karabelong ena tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, kaha ke karabelo ka tharollo e nang le metsi 'me e seng khase ea khase moo liphetoho tsa khatello li ka bang le phello e hlakileng haholoanyane.

4. Reaction Kinetics

4.1 Boikemisetso ba Sekhahla sa Boitšoaro

Sekhahla sa karabelo ea silevera ea sulfide e nang le sodium cyanide e ka khethoa ka mekhoa ea liteko. Ka ho lekanya phetoho ea mahloriso a li-reactants (tse kang silver sulfide kapa sodium cyanide) kapa lihlahisoa (tse kang silver - cyanide complex ion kapa sulfur) ha nako e ntse e ea, sekhahla sa karabelo se ka baloa. Mohlala, litekong tsa batch reactor, lisampole li ka nkuoa nako le nako, 'me bongata ba silifera - cyanide complex ion tharollong bo ka lekanyetsoa ka mekhoa ea tlhahlobo e kang spectrophotometry kapa ion -elective electrode. Sekhahla sa sebopeho sa silevera - cyanide complex ion se sebelisoa ho bala sekhahla sa karabelo ka kakaretso.

4.2 Rate - Ho hloaea Mehato

Mokhoa oa karabelo oa silver sulfide cyanidation o rarahane mme o kenyelletsa mehato e mengata. Sekhahla - mohato oa ho khetholla mohlomong ke mohato o liehang ka ho fetisisa oa tatellano ea karabelo. E 'ngoe ea mehato ea bohlokoa ke ho qhibiliha ha silevera ea sulfide, e kenyelletsang ho lokolloa ha li-ion tsa silevera le li-ion tsa sebabole. Ho rarahana ha li-ion tsa silevera ka li-ion tsa cyanide ho batla ho potlakile ha ho bapisoa le ho qhibiliha ha sulfide ea silevera. Oxidation ea sebabole ka oksijene e boetse e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho sekhahla sa karabelo ka kakaretso. Haeba phepelo ea oksijene e lekanyelitsoe, e ka fetoha sekhahla - ntlha e khethollang. Ho feta moo, ho ata ha limolek'hule tse reactant (joalo ka li-ion tsa cyanide le oksijene) ka holim'a likaroloana tsa silevera tsa sulfide le tsona li ka ama sekhahla sa karabelo, haholo maemong ao boholo ba karolo ea silevera ea sulfide e leng kholo.

4.3 Mohlala oa Lipalo

Mefuta ea lipalo e ntlafalitsoe ho hlalosa karabelo ea kinetics ea silver sulfide cyanidation. Mohlala o mong o sebelisoang hangata ke oa ho fokotseha - oa mantlha. Mohlala ona o nka hore karabelo e hlaha ka holim'a karolo e tiileng ea silevera ea sulfide, 'me ha karabelo e ntse e tsoela pele, motheo oa sulfide ea silevera e sa sebetseng oa fokotseha. Moetso o ela hloko lintlha tse joalo ka ho phatlalla ha li-reactants ka lera la sehlahisoa (sebabole le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa karabelo tse ka bang holim'a karoloana ea silevera ea sulfide), sekhahla sa karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale holimo, le tekano ea ho rarahana mothating oa tharollo. Ka ho sebelisa mohlala ona, ho ka boleloa esale pele mabapi le sekhahla sa karabelo tlas'a maemo a fapaneng, joalo ka maemo a fapaneng a sodium cyanide le oksijene, boholo ba karoloana ea silevera sulfide, le mocheso. Liphetho tsa liteko ka kakaretso li fumanoe li lumellana hantle le likhakanyo tsa mefuta e joalo ea lipalo.

5. Likōpo

5.1 Ho Motsoa ha Silivera ho tsoa ho Ores

Karabelo pakeng tsa sulfide ea silevera le sodium cyanide e sebelisoa haholo indastering ea merafo bakeng sa ho ntša silevera ho tsoa lioreng tsa sulfide. Ts'ebetsong e tloaelehileng ea cyanidation, ore e sithabetseng ea silevera e tšoaroa ka tharollo e hlapolotsoeng ea sodium cyanide. Sulfide ea silevera ka har'a ore e arabela le sodium cyanide ho etsa motsoako oa silevera-cyanide o qhibilihang. Kamora karabelo, tharollo e nang le motsoako oa silevera-cyanide e aroloa ho masala a tiileng. Silevera e ka fumanoa tharollong ka mekhoa e fapaneng, joalo ka ho fokotsa ka sesebelisoa se loketseng sa ho fokotsa (mohlala, lerōle la zinki). Ts'ebetso ena e sebetsa hantle haholo 'me ke e' ngoe ea mekhoa e sebelisoang haholo bakeng sa ho ntša silevera ka bongata bo boholo.

5.2 Maikutlo a Tikoloho

Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea sodium cyanide ts'ebetsong ea ho ntša silevera e hlahisa mathata a tikoloho. Cyanide ke ntho e chefo haholo, 'me ho lutla hofe kapa hofe kapa ho lahloa ho sa nepahalang ha cyanide - e nang le litharollo ho ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe tikolohong. Ka hona, ho na le melao e thata ea tikoloho ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e bolokehileng le ho lahloa ha cyanide indastering ea merafo. Lik'hamphani tse ngata tsa merafo li boetse li hlahisa mekhoa e meng ea ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea cyanide kapa ho phekola cyanide - e nang le litšila ka katleho. Leha ho na le liqholotso tsena, karabelo lipakeng tsa silver sulfide le sodium cyanide e ntse e le ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa indastering ea merafo ea silevera ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea eona e phahameng ea ho ntšoa ha silevera.

6. Qetello

Karabelo lipakeng tsa silver sulfide le sodium cyanide ke ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea lik'hemik'hale e nang le ts'ebeliso ea bohlokoa ha ho ntšoa silevera. Ho utloisisa melao-motheo ea karabelo, maemo, kinetics, le lits'ebetso ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa lits'ebetso tsa indasteri le ho rarolla mathata a tikoloho a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea cyanide. Lipatlisiso tse ling sebakeng sena li ka shebana le ho ntlafatsa maemo a karabelo a sebetsang hantle, ho ntlafatsa khetho ea karabelo, le ho fumana mekhoa e meng ea ho nka sebaka kapa ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea cyanide ha ho ntšoa silevera.