I-Sodium Cyanide (NaCN) — Izinqubo Zokukhiqiza, Ukuqhathaniswa Kwekhwalithi Yomkhiqizo kanye Nochungechunge Lwenani Lomkhakha

Isingeniso

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN) iyikhemikhali yezimboni eyisisekelo ezimayini namakhemikhali amahle, ikakhulukazi asetshenziselwa ukuvuza igolide nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu. United Chemical ilungiselela lesi siqalisi semboni ukuchaza, ngolimi olulula kodwa olusezingeni eliphezulu, izinqubo zokukhiqiza eziyinhloko zezimboni I-Sodium Cyanide, izici zobuchwepheshe kanye nomehluko wekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wenqubo ngayinye, uchungechunge lwenani lemboni, namandla okuhweba ngamazwe ngamazwe. Umgomo uwukwazisa amakhasimende, ozakwethu kanye nomphakathi wonkana kuyilapho kugcizelela ukuphepha, ukuthobela imithetho kanye nokuhlinzeka ngobuqotho.

Inothi lokuphepha: i-sodium cyanide inobuthi obukhulu. Ukukhiqizwa, ukuthuthwa, ukugcinwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kumele kulandele ngokuqinile imithethonqubo yokuphepha kazwelonke kanye neyasezweni, ukuphepha kwemvelo kanye nokuthuthwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi. Lesi sihloko senzelwe ulwazi kanye nokukhushulwa kuphela futhi asihlinzeki ngemininingwane yokusebenza noma izindlela zokupheka ezingasetshenziswa kabi.

I-1. Kuyini I-sodium cyanide? (Kafushane)

I-sodium cyanide (NaCN) iwusawoti omhlophe, oyi-cubic crystalline inorganic owakha izakhiwo ezincibilikayo ezinegolide nezinye izinsimbi ezinhle. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo sisetshenziswa kakhulu ekulethweni kwamaminerali (ikakhulukazi i-cyanidation yegolide). Iphinde ithole ukusetshenziswa kwe-electroplating, i-pharmaceutical kanye ne-fine-chemical intermediates, i-agrochemical synthesis, nanjenge-reagent kulabhorethri. Ngenxa yobuthi bayo, ukuphatha okuqinile, ukulungela izimo eziphuthumayo nokulawulwa kwemvelo kubalulekile kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka.

2. Imizila emikhulu yokukhiqiza yezimboni nezici zobuchwepheshe (izinga eliphezulu)

Imizila yokukhiqiza yezimboni eyayisetshenziswa ngokomlando noma esetshenziswa njengamanje ihlanganisa: ukuhlanganisa/ukuncibilika (komlando), indlela ye-An, ukuqhekeka kwamafutha alula, i-methanol–ammoniation, kanye nokutholwa komkhiqizo we-acrylonitrile (co-product). Ngezansi sifingqa inqubo ngayinye, ukufaneleka/imikhawulo yayo, nezici ezijwayelekile zekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ukusiza abathengi nozakwethu baqonde ubudlelwano bekhwalithi yenqubo.

1) Indlela yokuhlanganisa / yokuncibilikisa (yomlando)

Isifinyezo senqubo: umzila wesithando somlilo/ukuhlanganiswa okhiqiza udoti oqinile, owuketshezi nowomoya futhi odla amandla aphezulu.
Isimo: Iqedwe kakhulu embonini yesimanje ngenxa yokungalungi kwemvelo namandla.
Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ejwayelekile:

• Ubumsulwa (okuqukethwe kwe-NaCN): ngokuvamile kuphansi futhi kuyaguquguquka.

• Ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo/isibabule: kuphezulu kakhulu, kuye ngokuthi uphethiloli nezinto zokusetshenziswa.

• Izinsimbi ezisindayo: zingase ziphakame uma izinto zokusetshenziswa noma imishini ingalawulwa ngokuqinile.

• Umswakama/ukugawulwa: umswakama ophezulu kanye nokuqina okungekuhle kokugcina uma ukomisa/ukwelashwa kunganele.

• Ifomu: izigaxa ezimahhadla noma izinhlayiya ezingajwayelekile; ngokuvamile kudinga ukucwengwa komfula.
  Ukufaneleka komfula: impofu ekusetshenzisweni kwebanga eliphezulu noma okubucayi (imithi, i-electronics); yamukeleka kuphela ezinhlelweni ze-low-spec lapho izindleko ziyisici esiyinhloko.

2) Indlela ka-An (Inqubo ka-An)

Isifinyezo senqubo: inqubo yabantu abadala evame ukusebenza eduze komfutho womoya, ayidingi okokufaka ukushisa kwangaphandle kwezinye izilungiselelo, futhi isebenzisa ugesi kancane uma kuqhathaniswa; Nokho, ngokuvamile kudinga imidiya ethile ye-catalytic kanye nezindleko ze-catalyst zingaba phezulu.
Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ejwayelekile:

• Ubumsulwa: obuphakathi kuya kophezulu futhi obuzinzile ngokulawulwa okuhle kwenqubo.

• Ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo/isibabule: ngokuvamile kuphansi uma izitsha zokudla nezilawuli zihlanzekile.

• Izinsimbi ezisindayo: zingalawuleka ngokudla kanye nokuhlanzwa okungezansi komfula.

• Umswakama/ukuqina: kungafinyelela umswakama ophansi kanye nokuqina okuhle kokugcina ngokwomisa okwanele.

• Ifomu: ingakhiqizwa njengama-flakes, ama-granules noma impushana enosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezifanayo.
  Ukufaneleka komfula: ifanele izimayini (i-leaching), i-electroplating yezimboni kanye nezicelo eziningi zamakhemikhali amahle; ingadinga ukuhlanzwa okwengeziwe ukuze kusetshenziswe imithi.

3) Indlela yokuqhekeka kwamafutha alula

Isifinyezo senqubo: isebenzisa uwoyela okhanyayo oqhekekile noma amagesi omlilo njengokuphakelayo ukukhiqiza i-cyanide intermediates; ngokuvamile azinawo ama-catalyst kanye nokubekezela kokuphakelayo kwamazinga aphansi. Ukwelashwa kwegesi yomsila kuyinkimbinkimbi.
Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ejwayelekile:

• Ubumsulwa: obuphakathi nendawo; kuncike ekuhlanzweni kwemifudlana eqhekekile.

• Izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo: izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezingaba khona ngenxa yokuqhekeka—zidinga ukugezwa nokuhlukaniswa okuqinile.

• I-Sulphur: ngokuvamile iphansi uma ukudla kususiwe i-sulphur; izimo ezithile zingangenisa izinhlobo ze-sulphur.

• Izinsimbi ezisindayo: ngokuvamile aziphezulu kodwa zincike ekudleni nasemishinini.

• Umswakama/ukuzinza: kungalawuleka ngokomiswa kahle, kodwa ukomiswa kabi kuholela ekubhakweni kwekhekhe.

• Ifomu: impushana noma ama-granules anokusabalalisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana obanzi.
  Ukufaneleka komfula: esetshenziselwa kabanzi ukukhishwa kwezimayini kanye ne-electroplating evamile; ukuhlanzwa okwengeziwe okudingekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhemikhali amahle azwelayo ku-organic.

4) Indlela ye-Methanol–ammoniation (inqubo ye-methanol–ammonia)

Isifinyezo senqubo: isebenzisa i-methanol ne-ammonia njengezitokwe zokudla eziyinhloko ukukhiqiza i-cyanide intermediate, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhuthazayo. Lo mzila wamukelwa kabanzi ngoba i-methanol iyisitoko esivuthiwe, esitholakala kabanzi. Inikeza ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi.
Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ejwayelekile:

• Ubumsulwa: ngokuvamile buphakeme futhi buzinzile ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwenqubo efanele.

• Ukungcola okungokwemvelo: kuphansi uma izigaba zokuhlukaniswa kanye nokugezwa ziklanywe kahle.

• I-sulfur: iphansi (ukudla okuhlanzekile kwe-methanol/ammonia).

• Izinsimbi ezisindayo: zingalawulwa emazingeni aphansi ngokulawulwa kwezinto zokwakha kanye nokondla.

• Umswakama/ukuzinza: umswakama ophansi kanye nezici ezinhle zokulwa nokubhakwa ngemva kokwelashwa okufanele.

• Ifomu: ingakhiqiza ama-flakes ekhwalithi ephezulu noma ama-granules afanele ukudayiswa kwezohwebo.
  Ukufaneleka komfula: esebenza kakhulu - ihle kakhulu ekulethweni kwezimayini (ukululama okuphezulu), i-electroplating kanye nezicelo eziningi zamakhemikhali ezinhle; inketho yokuncintisana yezifunda ezinokunikezwa okuzinzile kwe-methanol/ammonia.

5) I-Acrylonitrile co-product (by-product) recovery

Isifinyezo senqubo: I-sodium cyanide ibuyiselwa njengomkhiqizo ohlangene ovela ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza i-acrylonitrile; lokhu kuyindlela yokonga uma ihlanganiswe nokukhiqizwa kwe-acrylonitrile.
Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ejwayelekile:

• Ubumsulwa: buphakeme futhi buzinzile; inzuzo eyodwa enkulu ngokuvamile okuqukethwe kwesulfure okuphansi kakhulu.

• Ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo: kuphansi ngenxa yezinhlelo zokuhlukanisa/zokubuyisela ezisunguliwe.

• I-sulfur: ngokuvamile iphansi kakhulu — inzuzo ebalulekile.

• Izinsimbi ezisindayo: ngokuvamile ziphansi kuye ngokulawulwa okuphezulu.

• Umswakama/ukuzinza: okuhle — umswakama ophansi ongatholakala ngokucubungula okujwayelekile.

• Ifomu: izimo ezivamile zokuhweba ezifana nama-flakes noma ama-granules anokubukeka okukhangayo nokuzinza.
  Ukufaneleka komfula: ilungele kakhulu ukucwiliswa kwezimayini kanye nezicelo ezizwelayo kukungcola; umthamo wokukhiqiza, nokho, uncike ekusebenzeni kwesitshalo se-acrylonitrile futhi ngenxa yalokho uboshelwe ekutholakaleni komkhiqizo ngokubambisana.

Qaphela: izifinyezo zekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ezingenhla ziyizinto ezijwayelekile embonini. Izilinganiso zekhwalithi yangempela zincike kwikhwalithi yesitokwe sokudla, ukulawulwa kwenqubo kanye nezinyathelo zokuhlanza/zokomisa/zokupakisha ezingezansi. Ukuze uthole imininingwane noma ukuthenga, dinga njalo iSitifiketi Sokuhlaziya (i-COA).

3. Amamethrikhi ekhwalithi engukhiye nokuthi athinta kanjani ukusetshenziswa komfula

Lawa amaqembu okuthola izichasiso zekhwalithi evamile futhi abasebenzisi bokugcina kufanele babeke phambili futhi bahlole kuma-COA:

• Okuqukethwe kwe-NaCN (% w/w): kunquma umthamo we-cyanide osebenzayo kanye nokusebenza kokukhipha.

• I-cyanide yamahhala / i-cyanide encibilikayo: ithinta ukusabela kanye nokuphathwa kokuphepha.

• Okuqukethwe komswakama (%): kuthinta ukuqina kwesitoreji kanye nokuthunyelwa (umswakama ophezulu → ukubilisa).

• I-alkali encibilikayo (isb., i-NaOH) / i-alkalinity yamahhala: ishintsha i-pH yesisombululo futhi ingathonya i-leaching chemistry.

• Izinhlobo ze-sulfur / i-sulfate / i-chloride: ukungcola okuthile kuthinta kabi ukwenziwa okubucayi.

• Izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo: izinto eziphilayo zingadla i-cyanide ngemiphumela emibi, okunciphisa ukutholakala kwe-cyan okusebenzayo ukuze kukhishwe.

• Izinsimbi ezisindayo (Pb, Hg, Cd, njll.): zibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwemithi/amakhemikhali amancane kanye nokuhambisana nemvelo.

• Usayizi wezinhlayiya kanye nesimo (i-flake / i-pellet / i-powder): kuthonya izinga lokuncibilika, ukulula komthamo kanye nokuziphatha kokuthutha.

Izibonelo zemithelela engezansi:

• I-Gold Leaching: ikhetha i-NaCN ephezulu, i-organics ephansi kanye ne-alkalinity elawulwayo ukuze ilulame kahle.

• I-Electroplating: izwela isibabule nezinsimbi ezinzima; iyunifomu, i-cyanide ehlanzekile ikhethwa.

• I-Pharma/amakhemikhali amahle: idinga imikhawulo eqinile ye-heavy-metal kanye ne-organic ukungcola - ngokuvamile idinga ukuhlanzwa okwengeziwe.

4. Ithebula lokuqhathanisa lekhwalithi ephezulu

Ithebula ireferensi yemboni ejwayelekile. Ngaso sonke isikhathi qinisekisa i-COA yomkhiqizo futhi wenze izivivinyo ezikusayithi zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibucayi.

5. Ukuqhathanisa kwenqubo — ubukhulu obuyinhloko (isifinyezo)

• Umthelela wendawo / ukukhishwa kwegesi: ukuhlanganiswa/ukuncibilikisa > ukuqhekeka kwamafutha amancane / Indlela ka-An > i-methanol–ammoniation ≈ umkhiqizo we-acrylonitrile (">" usho "umthwalo omkhulu wendawo").

• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezindleko zokusebenza: ukuxubana kanye nokuqhekeka kwamafutha amancane kuvame ukuba namandla amaningi; i-methanol–ammoniation kanye nokukhiqizwa ngokubambisana kwe-acrylonitrile kuvame ukubonisa izinzuzo zezindleko lapho izitokwe zokudla zithengiswa ngentengo enhle.

• Ukuguquguquka kokukhiqiza: i-methanol–ammoniation kanye nendlela ka-An inikeza ukulawula okungcono okuzimele kwamandla okukhiqiza; umkhiqizo ohlangene (ukuvuselelwa kwe-acrylonitrile) uxhumene nomkhiqizo wesitshalo se-acrylonitrile.

• Ukuphepha kanye nokuzenzakalela: Ama-An kanye ne-methanol–ammoniation kulula kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nokuzenzakalela okuphezulu; ukuqhekeka kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamafutha amancane kudinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kokuphepha kwe-tail-gas kanye nokushisa okuphezulu.

6. Uchungechunge lwenani lemboni (enhla nomfula — phakathi nomfula — phansi komfula)

I-Upstream — izinto zokusetshenziswa nemishini

• Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko: umlotha wesoda (Na₂CO₃), i-ammonia ewuketshezi (NH₃), i-methanol (CH₃OH), i-urea, izixazululo ze-caustic, uwoyela olula kanye nezinye kuye ngokuthi inqubo ikhethwe kanjani.

• Imishini emikhulu kanye nezinsizakalo: ama-reactor, amayunithi okuhluza nokuhlukanisa, amathangi okugcina, izinhlelo zokwelapha igesi yangemuva, izinhlelo zokuqapha kanye nokuphepha, kanye nezinkontileka ze-EPC (ubunjiniyela, ukuthenga kanye nokwakha) kanye nabaphakeli be-catalyst.

• Abahlanganyeli: abahlinzeki bezinto zokudla (i-methanol, i-ammonia, abahluzi), abakhiqizi bemishini, abakhiqizi be-catalyst, izinkampani zobunjiniyela.

I-Midstream - ukukhiqizwa, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi nokuhweba

• Imisebenzi: ukukhiqiza (izindlela ezahlukahlukene zenqubo), ukukala umkhiqizo kanye nokupakisha (ama-flakes, ama-pellets, impuphu; ukuhlanzeka okuvamile kwezentengiselwano njenge-98% NaCN), ukuhlolwa kanye nesitifiketi senkampani yangaphandle, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokuhweba kwamanye amazwe.

• Izinto ezibalulekile ezikhathazayo: amanani entengo yezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuthobela imithetho yemvelo, ukulungela izimo eziphuthumayo, ukupakishwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi kanye nokuthutha.

I-downstream — qeda ukusetshenziswa namakhasimende

• Izimakethe ezinkulu zokugcina: ukuhlanzwa kwensimbi (igolide nezinye izinsimbi eziyigugu — ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kakhulu), ukufakelwa kwe-electroplating, izinto ezisetshenziswa emithini kanye namakhemikhali amancane, ukwenziwa kwe-agrochemical, izithasiselo ze-flotation kanye nama-reagents elebhu.

• Izidingo zamakhasimende: amazinga aphezulu okuthembeka kokuhlinzekwa, ikhwalithi eqhubekayo kanye nokuphathwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi; amaphrojekthi okumba ikakhulukazi adinga isikhathi esibikezelwe kanye nemibhalo.

7. Uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezimo zokuthekelisa ngaphandle (isifinyezo semboni)

• Indlela ebanzi: selokhu kwavulwa umnotho waseShayina, izwe liye lashintsha kusuka ekungeniseni i-sodium-cyanide laba ngomunye wabakhiqizi nabathumeli abakhulu emhlabeni. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eLatin America, e-Afrika, e-Oceania, e-Asia Ephakathi naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kuye kwanda eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ukuphazamiseka kokukhiqiza kwamanye amazwe (isib. imiphumela yesikhathi sobhubhane) kuye kwandise isidingo sabahlinzeki baseShayina.

• Idatha emele: ngo-2024, ukuthunyelwa kwe-sodium cyanide eShayina kwakungamathani angaba ngu- 216,000 (21.6 ×10⁴ t), kukhuphuke ngo -12.03% unyaka nonyaka, kanti inani lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe licishe libe yi- USD 454 million , kukhuphuke ngo -1.34% unyaka nonyaka.

• Izindawo eziyinhloko: i-Afrika, iNingizimu Melika, iRussia, iNtshonalanga Asia kanye neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Amazwe afana neRussia, iPeru, iZimbabwe, iMexico, iNiger, iTurkey kanye neBurkina Faso ndawonye abalelwa cishe ku- 57.15% wezimpahla ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kanti ezinye izifunda zabelana ngokusele.

• Abashayeli bemakethe: ukwanda kwezimayini zegolide, ukukhula kwezimboni ze-agrochemical/fine-chemical phesheya kwezilwandle kanye nezinzuzo zezindleko kanye nomthamo wabakhiqizi baseShayina.

• Izingozi zokuhweba: imithetho yezokuthutha yezimpahla eziyingozi, izidingo zemvelo noma zokuphepha ezivela ezweni oya kulo, ukuphazamiseka kwezepolitiki kanye nezokuthutha, imali kanye nezingozi zokukhokha.

8. Izingozi zemboni, izinto eziza kuqala ukuthobela imithetho nezincomo zamabhizinisi

1. Beka phambili ukuphepha kanye nemvelo: tshala imali ekuphathweni okuqinile kwegesi ephuma ngemuva kanye namanzi angcolile, ukutholwa kokuvuza, impendulo ephuthumayo kanye nokuxhumana nomphakathi ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi kanye nezingozi zokulawula.

2. Ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezinto zokusetshenziswa: ukusungula izinkontileka zesikhathi eside noma ukubambisana okunesu ne-methanol, i-ammonia kanye nabanye abahlinzeki ababalulekile ukuze kuqiniswe izindleko kanye nokutholakala.

3. Khetha inqubo ngokwezimo zendawo: khetha imizila yokukhiqiza ngokusekelwe ekutholakaleni kwempahla yokudla, izindleko zamandla, ukuqina kokulawulwa kwemvelo kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo oyifunayo.

4. Ukwehlukanisa izimakethe nezinsizakalo: ukwandisa izimakethe ezingezansi (isb., ama-agrochemical intermediates, i-electroplating, ama-reagents elebhu) futhi unikeze ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe, ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha endaweni kanye nezinsizakalo zokuthutha eziyingozi ukuze kwandiswe ukugcinwa kwamakhasimende.

5. Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi: kudinga izitifiketi zokuhlaziya, ukulandelelwa kweqoqo kanye nokubambisana namalebhu agunyaziwe; kwezicelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu nikeza iziqinisekiso ezengeziwe zokuhlanza noma ze-QC ezenziwe ngokwezifiso.

6. Ukuthobela imithetho yokuthumela ngaphandle: qapha ngokucophelela imithetho yezokuthutha yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokungenisa ama-cyanide futhi usebenzise amadokhumenti aqinile, ukupakisha kanye nokuhlolwa kwabathwali ukuze kugwenywe ukubambezeleka kokuthunyelwa noma ukwenqatshwa.

Isiphetho - United Chemicalukuzibophezela

United Chemical uyakubona lokho ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium cyanide futhi uhwebo aluthwali nje kuphela inani lezentengiselwano kodwa futhi lunesibopho esikhulu. Sizibophezela ku-:

• ukwamukela imizila yokukhiqiza ehlanzekile, ezinzile kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nokulawula ukungcola;

• ukuphoqelela ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile, ukuphathwa kwempahla eyingozi kanye nemibhalo yamakhasimende;

• enikeza ukwakheka okuhambisanayo, ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe kanye neziqondiso zokuthobelana kozakwethu bomhlaba;

• ukuqinisekisa amaketanga okuhlinzeka okuthembekile ngenkathi kugcizelelwa ukuphepha kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo.

Ngemibuzo mayelana nokucaciswa, ama-COA, ukupakishwa kanye nemibhalo yokulawula, noma ukucela ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe nokuqeqeshwa ukuphatha ngokuphepha, sicela uthinte United Chemical ngewebhusayithi yethu esemthethweni noma amahhovisi okuthengisa esifunda. United Chemical sibheke ngabomvu ukusebenzisana namakhasimende omhlaba wonke ezimayini namakhemikhali ezixazululweni zokuhlinzeka eziphephile, ezithobelayo nezisezingeni eliphezulu.