Nkag siab lub luag haujlwm ntawm sodium cyanide hauv cov txheej txheem kub ore leaching

Nyob rau hauv lub complex ntiaj teb no ntawm kub mining, lub extraction ntawm no precious hlau los ntawm nws cov ore yog ib tug txheej txheem uas muaj scientific precision thiab technological innovation. Ib qho tshuaj uas sawv tawm hauv cov txheej txheem no yog Sodium cyanide, ib qho chaw sib xyaw ua ke rau kev lag luam kub mining rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo. Kab lus no delves rau hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm Sodium Cyanide nyob rau hauv kub mining, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem leaching, tshawb xyuas nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev siv, thiab cov kev ntsuas coj los xyuas kom meej tias nws muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab siv tau.

Tshuaj Reactivity ntawm Sodium Cyanide nrog Kub

sodium cyanide (NaCN) yog dawb, crystalline khoom uas yog soluble hauv dej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kub mining, nws cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog nws lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam nrog kub nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen los tsim ib tug soluble kub complex. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov Cyanidation txheej txheem, uas yog txoj kev tseem ceeb rau kev rho tawm kub txij li xyoo 1890.

Cov tshuaj sib npaug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kub, sodium cyanide, oxygen, thiab dej yog raws li nram no:

4 Au + 8 NaCN + O₂ + 2 H₂O → 4 Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4 NaOH

Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, kub yog oxidized thiab tsim ib qho nyuaj nrog cov cyanide ions. Cov pa oxygen ua tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing, yooj yim rau kev tawg ntawm kub. Qhov tshwm sim, sodium aurocyanide (Na[Au(CN)₂]), yog soluble hauv dej, tso cai rau cov kub sib cais los ntawm cov ore matrix.

Lub siab solubility ntawm sodium cyanide hauv dej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws cov txiaj ntsig hauv cov txheej txheem leaching. Nws tso cai rau qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm cyanide ions los ntawm cov ore, nce kev sib cuag ntawm cov reagent thiab cov khoom kub. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, txhim kho tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab txhim kho lub zuag qhia tag nrho efficiency ntawm kub extraction.

Daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv txawv kub Leaching txheej txheem

Heap Leaching

Heap leaching yog ib txoj hauv kev siv dav rau kev ua cov khoom kub qis. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, cov ore yog crushed thiab stacked nyob rau hauv loj heaps ntawm ib tug impermeable liner. Ib qho kev daws teeb meem ntawm sodium cyanide, feem ntau nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 0.01% mus rau 0.05%, yog tom qab ntawd txau rau hauv lub pob. Cov tshuaj cyanide percolates los ntawm cov ore, reacting nrog kub thiab dissolving nws. Cov tshuaj cev xeeb tub, uas muaj cov kub yaj, yog sau rau hauv qab ntawm lub heap thiab ua tiav ntxiv kom rov qab tau cov kub.

Heap leaching yog ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev kho cov khoom loj ntawm cov ore qib qis. Kev siv sodium cyanide hauv cov txheej txheem no tso cai rau kev rho tawm cov kub los ntawm cov ores uas yuav txwv tsis pub ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib kis ntawm ib puag ncig, vim tias cov tshuaj cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau cov av thiab dej nyob ib puag ncig yog tias tsis muaj qhov zoo.

Carbon-in-Leach (CIL) thiab Carbon-in-Pulp (CIP) txheej txheem

Cov txheej txheem CIL thiab CIP feem ntau yog siv los ua cov qib siab kub ores lossis kub concentrates. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, cov ore yog thawj hauv av thiab tom qab ntawd tov nrog sodium cyanide tov nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm agitated tso tsheb hlau luam. Cov kub yaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj cyanide, tsim cov soluble kub complex.

Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem CIL, activated carbon yog ntxiv ncaj qha mus rau lub tso tsheb hlau luam. Cov pa roj carbon adsorbs cov kub complex, zoo cais cov kub los ntawm kev daws. Cov pa roj carbon loaded yog tom qab ntawd muab tshem tawm ntawm lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab ua tiav ntxiv kom rov qab tau cov kub. Hauv cov txheej txheem CIP, cov leached slurry yog thawj zaug sib cais los ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj tau dhau los ntawm cov kab sib txuas ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide, qhov kub yog adsorbed rau cov pa roj carbon.

Ob lub CIL thiab CIP cov txheej txheem muab cov nyiaj rov qab kub siab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev noj reagent. Kev siv cov tshuaj sodium cyanide hauv cov txheej txheem no tso cai rau kev xaiv kev sib cais ntawm cov kub, txo qhov kev rho tawm ntawm lwm cov hlau tam sim no hauv cov ore.

Cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm Sodium Cyanide hauv Leaching

Lub efficiency ntawm sodium cyanide nyob rau hauv lub Kub leaching txheej txheem yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam:

1. Ore yam ntxwv: Hom thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ore ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem leaching. Ores nrog cov ntsiab lus kub siab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo mineralogy, xws li cov uas muaj cov ntsiab lus sulfide tsawg, zoo li yuav ua rau cov nyiaj rov qab zoo dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov loj me me ntawm cov ore cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw saum npoo muaj rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Finely av ores feem ntau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua.

2. Cyanide Concentration: Qhov concentration ntawm sodium cyanide nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj leaching yog ib qho tseem ceeb parameter. Ib tug ntau dua cyanide concentration yuav ua rau kom tus nqi ntawm kub dissolution, tab sis nws kuj ua rau kom tus nqi ntawm cov reagent thiab tej zaum yuav ib puag ncig. Optimizing lub cyanide concentration yog qhov tseem ceeb kom sib npaug ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev rho tawm kub thiab kev xav txog nyiaj txiag thiab ib puag ncig.

3. Oxygen Muaj: Raws li oxygen xav tau rau oxidation ntawm kub, nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub leaching system yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Tsim nyog aeration lossis ntxiv cov oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem txhim kho cov txheej txheem leaching. Qee qhov xwm txheej, lwm cov oxidants xws li hydrogen peroxide lossis ozone tuaj yeem siv los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

4. pH ntawm kev daws: Cov pH ntawm cov tshuaj leaching cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cyanide ions thiab solubility ntawm cov kub complex. Ib me ntsis alkaline pH, feem ntau nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 10 txog 11. yog qhov zoo rau cov txheej txheem cyanidation. Kho cov pH tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv hydrolysis ntawm cyanide thiab xyuas kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov kub.

Environmental thiab Safety Considerations

Sodium cyanide yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg heev, thiab nws siv hauv cov mining kub yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb ntsuas nyob rau hauv qhov chaw:

Ib puag ncig cuam tshuam

Qhov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb ntawm ib puag ncig cuam tshuam nrog kev siv sodium cyanide hauv kev khawb kub yog qhov muaj peev xwm tso tawm cyanide rau hauv ib puag ncig. Cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau lub neej hauv dej, nroj tsuag, thiab tsiaj txhu yog tias nws nkag mus rau hauv dej los yog av. Txhawm rau txo qhov kev pheej hmoo no, kev ua haujlwm tsuas yog siv ntau yam kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig, suav nrog kev siv cov kab tailings dams kom muaj cov kev daws teeb meem cyanide, kev kho cov dej ntws los txo cov qib cyanide, thiab kev siv cov kev soj ntsuam xyuas kom paub meej tias muaj peev xwm xau lossis nchuav.

Kev nyab xeeb rau cov neeg ua haujlwm

Cov neeg ua haujlwm koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem mining kub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tuav cov tshuaj sodium cyanide, muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev raug rau cov tshuaj lom no. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias lawv muaj kev nyab xeeb, cov tuam txhab mining siv cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb nruj. Cov no suav nrog muab cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej, xws li hnab looj tes, tsom iav, thiab lub tshuab ua pa, thiab cob qhia lawv txog kev tuav thiab khaws cov sodium cyanide. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw los tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo thiab teb sai thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.

Ntxawg Tswv Yim

Kev siv cov sodium cyanide hauv kev khawb kub yog ua raws li kev tswj hwm nruj hauv ntau lub tebchaws. Cov kev cai tswj hwm kev tsim khoom, kev thauj mus los, kev khaws cia, thiab kev siv cov tshuaj sodium cyanide, nrog rau kev tswj cov cyanide-muaj pov tseg. Cov tuam txhab lag luam mining yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai no txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ruaj khov ntawm lawv cov mines.

Lwm txoj hauv kev rau Sodium Cyanide

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, tau muaj kev txaus siab los tsim lwm txoj hauv kev rau kev rho tawm kub uas tsis tso siab rau kev siv sodium cyanide. Qee qhov kev xaiv muaj peev xwm muaj xws li:

Thiosulfate Leaching

Thiosulfate leaching yog txheej txheem uas siv thiosulfate ions, xws li sodium thiosulfate, kom yaj kub. Txoj kev no muaj ntau qhov zoo ntawm cyanidation, suav nrog kev txo qis, txo qis qis, thiab muaj peev xwm ua cov ore uas nyuaj rau kho nrog cyanide. Txawm li cas los xij, thiosulfate leaching kuj muaj nws cov kev cov nyom, xws li yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tswj cov leaching tej yam kev mob thiab tus nqi siab dua ntawm cov reagent.

Bioleaching

Bioleaching yog cov txheej txheem lom neeg uas siv cov kab mob kom tshem tawm cov kub los ntawm ore. Txoj kev no yog ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg thiab tuaj yeem siv los kho cov ore qib qis. Txawm li cas los xij, bioleaching yog txheej txheem qeeb, thiab nws daim ntawv thov tam sim no txwv rau qee hom ores.

Lwm Cov Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob

Kuj tseem muaj lwm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, xws li kev siv cov kua ionic thiab cov kua dej supercritical, uas qhia cov lus cog tseg rau kev rho tawm kub. Cov thev naus laus zis no tseem nyob rau theem kev sim, tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm muab kev ua haujlwm zoo dua thiab ib puag ncig zoo rau lwm txoj hauv kev cyanidation.

xaus

Sodium cyanide tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam kub mining rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev rho tawm kub los ntawm nws cov ore. Nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov soluble complexes nrog kub nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen ua rau nws ib tug zoo reagent nyob rau hauv lub leaching txheej txheem. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv sodium cyanide kuj los nrog cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb, uas tau ua rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem tswj hwm nruj thiab nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev ntawm kev rho tawm kub.

Raws li kev lag luam kub mining txuas ntxiv mus, nws zoo li peb yuav pom qhov tseem ceeb dua rau kev txhim kho thiab kev siv cov thev naus laus zis ntau dua thiab zoo ib puag ncig. Txawm li cas los xij, rau lub neej yav tom ntej, sodium cyanide zoo li yuav nyob twj ywm ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem rho tawm kub, txawm tias muaj kev tshuaj xyuas ntau ntxiv thiab kev siv cov kev ntsuas ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb.