Sodium Cyanide: Njirimara kemịkalụ na usoro mmeghachi omume

Okwu Mmalite

sodium cyanide (NaCN) bụ ngwakọta kemịkalụ nke nwere ma ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe yana ihe nchekwa dị mkpa n'ihi ọdịdị na-egbu egbu ya. Ịghọta ya Chemical Njirimara na usoro mmeghachi omume dị oke mkpa maka njikwa nchekwa, iji ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Edemede a bu n'obi ịnye nkọwapụta zuru oke nke njirimara kemịkalụ na ụzọ mmeghachi omume nke sodium cyanide.

Njirimara kemịkalụ nke sodium cyanide

Ụdị Ahụ

Sodium cyanide bụ ọcha, kristal siri ike na okpomọkụ. Ọ nwere usoro kristal cubic na-apụtakarị dị ka obere, enweghị isi (mgbe akọrọ) granules ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọ na-akpakọrịta na mmiri ma ọ bụ acid, ọ nwere ike ịhapụ hydrogen cyanide gas, nke nwere isi almond dị iche, na-elu ilu. Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịchọpụta isi ísì a, n'ihi na a na-ekpebi ike isi ya site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

Solubility

NaCN na-agbaze nke ukwuu na mmiri. Mgbe ọ gbazere n'ime mmiri, ọ na-ekewa n'ime ion sodium (Na⁺) na cyanide ion (CN⁻) dị ka nhata ndị a:

NaCN (s) H2O, Na+(aq) Na+ (aq) + CN-(aq)

Nnukwu solubility a na mmiri na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ọ nwere ike imerụ isi mmiri n'ụzọ dị mfe. Ọ na-esikwa ike na ụfọdụ ihe mgbaze ahịhịa pola dị ka methanol na ethanol.

kwụsie ike

Sodium cyanide anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'ọnọdụ nkịtị. Agbanyeghị, ọ na-enwe mmetụta nke okpomọkụ, mmiri mmiri, na asịd. Mgbe a na-ekpo ọkụ, ọ nwere ike ire ere, na-ewepụta gas hydrogen cyanide na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu. N'ihe gbasara asịd, ọbụna asịd ndị na-adịghị ike dịka carbonic acid (nke a na-emepụta mgbe carbon dioxide na-agbaze n'ime mmiri), mmeghachi omume ndị a na-eme:-NaCN + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3 + HCN↑

Mmeghachi omume a na-egosi mkpa ọ dị ịchekwa sodium cyanide n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ, dị jụụ pụọ na ihe acidic.

Usoro mmeghachi omume nke sodium Cyanide

Mmeghachi omume na ọla

A maara nke ọma sodium cyanide maka ikike ịmepụta ogige na ọla. Otu n'ime ngwa ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ na mmịpụta ọla edo na ọlaọcha site na ọla ha na ụlọ ọrụ Ngwuputa. Na ọnụnọ oxygen na mmiri, sodium cyanide emeghachi omume na ọla edo (Au) na ọla iji mepụta ọla edo soluble - cyanide complex. Enwere ike ịnọchite anya mmeghachi omume n'ozuzu dịka:

4Au+8NaCN+O2+2H2O→4Na[Au(CN)2]+ 4NaOH

Na mmeghachi omume a, ion cyanide na-ejikọta ya na atom ọla edo, na-agbanwe ọla edo na-adịghị edozi na ore ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbagwoju anya nke nwere ike ikewapụ ngwa ngwa na nkume fọdụrụnụ na adịghị ọcha ndị ọzọ. Usoro mmeghachi omume na-agụnye oxidation nke ọla edo site na oxygen, na-esote mgbagwoju anya nke ọla edo oxidized na ion cyanide.

Mmeghachi omume nnọchi Nucleophilic

Cyanide ion (CN⁻) bụ nucleophiles siri ike. Na kemịkalụ organic, ha nwere ike isonye na mmeghachi omume nnọchi nucleophilic. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe alkyl halide (R - X, ebe R bụ otu alkyl na X bụ halogen) na-emeghachi omume na sodium cyanide na ihe mgbaze aprotic dị ka dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), mmeghachi omume na-esonụ:RX + NaCNR-CN + NaX

Ion cyanide na-awakpo carbon atom jikọtara na halogen, na-ewepụ halogen atọm na mmeghachi omume nnọchi. A na-eji mmeghachi omume a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na njikọ nke nitriles, bụ ndị dị mkpa etiti na mmepụta nke dị iche iche organic ogige dị ka carboxylic acid, amines, na heterocyclic ogige.

Mmeghachi omume na mmiri (Hydrolysis)

Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, sodium cyanide nwere ike imeghachi omume na mmiri na mmeghachi omume hydrolysis. N'ebe mmiri nọ, ion cyanide nwere ike ịnakwere proton sitere na mmiri iji mepụta hydrogen cyanide na ion hydroxide:CN (aq) + H2O (l) HCN (aq) + OH (aq)

Mmeghachi omume hydrolysis a na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ọnọdụ nke nha nha dabere na ihe ndị dị ka pH na okpomọkụ. Na ngwọta acidic, nha nha na-atụgharị gaa na nhazi nke hydrogen cyanide gas, ebe na ngwọta bụ isi, cyanide ion na-anọgide na-abụkarị n'ụdị anionic ya.