I-Sodium Cyanide: Ikhemikhali Enamandla Enezicelo Ezihlukahlukene Zezimboni

Isingeniso

I-Sodium cyanide , emelelwa ngamakhemikhali njenge-NaCN, iyinhlanganisela emhlophe ekristalu ephethe isikhundla esibalulekile ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile. Naphezu kodumo lwayo oludumile njengento enobuthi obukhulu, i-sodium cyanide idlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezifana nokumba, ukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokufaka i-electroplating. Lesi sihloko sihlola izakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni , izingozi, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezihlobene ne -Sodium Cyanide.

Impahla yezolimo

I-Sodium cyanide iyinhlanganisela engaphili eyingxenye yekilasi lama -cyanide . Yakhiwa ngokusabela kwe-sodium hydroxide kanye ne-hydrogen cyanide. Le nhlanganisela incibilika kakhulu emanzini, futhi ukusabela kwayo nama-asidi kuyinto ekhathazayo kakhulu. Lapho i-Sodium cyanide isabela nama-asidi, ingakhiqiza igesi ebulalayo ye-hydrogen cyanide.

I-sodium cyanide nayo inekhono lokusabela nezinsimbi ezithile. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi uma kukhona umoya-mpilo, ingancibilikisa igolide nesiliva, yakhe amakhemikhali e-cyanide ayinkimbinkimbi. Le mpahla isetshenziswa embonini yezimayini zegolide.

Izicelo zezezimboni

Izimayini zegolide

Okunye okugqame kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kusembonini yezimayini zegolide. I-"cyanide leaching process" isetshenziswa kabanzi ukukhipha igolide etsheni. Kule nqubo, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziselwa ukuncibilikisa izinhlayiya zegolide ku-ore, kwakheka ama-soluble gold cyanide complexes. Lezi zakhiwo zingabe sezihlukaniswa ne-ore matrix futhi ziphinde zicutshungulwe ukuze kutholwe igolide elimsulwa. Inqubo yokucwiliswa kwe-cyanide isebenza kahle kakhulu futhi iyabiza - iyasebenza, okwenza kube umkhuba ojwayelekile emisebenzini yokumba igolide emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, iphinde iphakamise ukukhathazeka kwemvelo nokuphepha ngenxa yobuthi be-sodium cyanide.

I-Chemical Synthesis

I-sodium cyanide isebenza njengesandulela esibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni kwamakhemikhali. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza uhla olubanzi lokuphuma kokunye okuthola ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Embonini yezemithi, i-cyanide - ama-compounds atholakala asetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kwezidakamizwa ezifana ne-penicillin, i-vitamin B6. kanye ne-folic acid. Embonini ye-agrochemical, i-sodium cyanide ibandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni izibulala-zinambuzane ezifana ne-glyphosate ne-cyanofenphos. Ukwengeza, ibamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kodayi nezingulube, njenge-indigo ne-phthalocyanine eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

I-Electroplating

E-electroplating, i-sodium cyanide iyingxenye ebalulekile. Isetshenziswa ekucwecweni kwezinsimbi njengegolide, isiliva, ithusi, ne-zinc phezu kwezinye izinsimbi. I-sodium cyanide isiza ekwakhekeni kweyunifomu nokunamathela kwensimbi enamathelayo ngokwenza kube lula ukubekwa kwama-ion ensimbi asuka ku-electrolyte aye ku-substrate. Kuyasiza futhi ekulawuleni izinga lokubeka kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yesendlalelo esigcwele. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuthi bayo, ezinye izinqubo ze-non-cyanide electroplating ziyathuthukiswa futhi zamukelwe kwezinye izimo.

Izingozi Nezinyathelo Zokuphepha

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide kuza nezingozi ezinkulu ngenxa yobuthi bayo obukhulu. Ukuhogela, ukumunca, noma ukuthinta isikhumba nesodium cyanide noma izixazululo zayo kungabulala. Uma ingaphakathi emzimbeni, i-sodium cyanide iyahlukana ukuze ikhulule ama-ion e-cyanide. Lama-ion abophezela ku-enzyme ebandakanyeka ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula, avimbele ukusebenza kwe-enzyme. Lokhu kuvimbela amangqamuzana ekusebenziseni umoya-mpilo, okuholela ku-thishu hypoxia futhi ekugcineni afe.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha lapho uphatha i-sodium cyanide, izivumelwano eziqinile kufanele zilandelwe. Abasebenzi abathintekayo ekukhiqizeni, ekuthuthweni, noma ekusetshenzisweni kwe-sodium cyanide kufanele bathole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele ngezingozi zayo kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha ezifanele. Izinto zokuvikela umuntu (i-PPE), okuhlanganisa amagilavu, izibuko, nokuvikela ukuphefumula, kufanele zigqokwe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Indawo yokugcina i-sodium cyanide kufanele ibe nomoya omuhle, ivikeleke, futhi yakhelwe ukuvikela ukuvuza nokuchitheka. Esimeni sokuchitheka noma ukukhululwa, izinyathelo ezifanele zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo, njengokunqanda kanye nokunciphisa kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali afanelekile njenge-sodium thiosulfate, kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokushesha.

Impembelelo yemvelo

Ukulahlwa okungafanele kwe-sodium cyanide kungaba nemiphumela emibi yemvelo. Uma ikhishelwa emanzini, i-sodium cyanide ingancibilika futhi ikhulule ama-ion e-cyanide, anobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu empilweni yasemanzini. Ngisho nalapho igxile kakhulu, i-cyanide ingalimaza izinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, nezinye izinto eziphila emanzini, iphazamise imvelo yasemanzini. Emhlabathini, i-sodium cyanide ingaba nomthelela omubi kuma-microorganisms enhlabathini nasekukhuleni kwezitshalo.

Izimboni ezisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kudingeka zihambisane nemithetho eqinile yezemvelo. Le mithetho ilawula ukugcinwa, ukuphatha, kanye nokulahlwa kwe-sodium cyanide ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhululwa kwayo endaweni ezungezile. Izindlela zokwelashwa ze-cyanide - eziqukethe amanzi angcolile, njenge-chemical oxidation, ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji, nokushintshisana kwe-ion, zisetshenziselwa ukukhipha noma ukukhipha ubuthi be-cyanide ngaphambi kokuthi amanzi angcolile akhishwe.

Izici Zokulawula

Uma kubhekwa ubuthi bayo obuphezulu kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona kwezemvelo, i-sodium cyanide ingaphansi kwemithetho eqinile emazingeni omhlaba, kazwelonke, nawesifunda. Le mithethonqubo ihlanganisa zonke izici ze-sodium cyanide, kusukela ekukhiqizweni nasekuthuthweni kwayo ukuya ekusetshenzisweni nasekulahlweni kwayo. Isibonelo, e-United States, i-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kanye ne-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) basungule imithethonqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa okuphephile kwe-sodium cyanide. Izimboni ezisebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufanele zithobele le mithetho, ehlanganisa izidingo zokulebula okufanele, ukugcinwa, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo.

Ezinye izindlela ze-Sodium Cyanide

Ngenxa yezingozi ezihlobene ne-sodium cyanide, kunentshisekelo ekhulayo yokuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa ezinye izinto. Embonini yezimayini zegolide, ukwenza isibonelo, ukucwiliswa kwe-thiosulfate kuhlolwa njengenye indlela esikhundleni sokucwiliswa kwe-cyanide. I-Thiosulfate iyi-reagent enobuthi obuncane engasetshenziswa futhi ukukhipha igolide ku-ore. Kodwa-ke, i-thiosulfate leaching inezinselelo zayo, njengezindleko eziphezulu ze-reagent kanye nokulawula inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ezinye izindlela eziphenywayo zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ze-bioleaching, ezithembele kuma-microorganisms ukukhipha izinsimbi ezinsimbi, kanye nama-non-cyanide lixiviants afana nezixazululo ezisekelwe kwi-halide.

Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enamandla enezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zezimboni. Izakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele ziyenza ibaluleke kakhulu ezimayini zegolide, ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali, kanye ne-electroplating. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi bayo obudlulele kanye namandla okulimaza imvelo kudinga izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha kanye nokuthotshelwa kwemithetho. Njengoba izimboni ziqhubeka nokufuna ezinye izindlela ezisimeme neziphephe kakhudlwana, ucwaningo lokushintsha i-sodium cyanide ngezinto eziyingozi encane luyaqhubeka. Okwamanje, ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele, ukugcinwa, kanye nokulahlwa kwe-sodium cyanide kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo.