Sodium Cyanide Electroplating Tsarin Zinc: Cikakken Nazari

Gabatarwa

Electroplating tsari ne da ake amfani da shi sosai a masana'antu daban-daban don haɓaka kaddarorin saman saman ƙarfe. Daga cikin hanyoyin electroplating daban-daban, sodium Cyanide electroplating zinc yana riƙe da matsayi mai mahimmanci saboda halaye na musamman da fa'idodi. Wannan labarin yana nufin samar da cikakken bincike na Sodium cyanide electroplating zinc tsari, rufe ka'idodinsa, matakan aiwatarwa, abun da ke ciki na wanka, da la'akarin aiki.

Ka'idodin Sodium Cyanide Electroplating Zinc

a cikin sodium cyanide electroplating tutiya tsari, da key manufa dogara ne a kan electrolysis. Baho na lantarki yana ƙunshe da ions zinc da sauran abubuwa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki, ion zinc a cikin wanka yana raguwa a cathode (abin da za a sanya shi), kuma ana ajiye kwayoyin zinc a saman cathode, suna yin suturar zinc. Kasancewar Sodium cyanide a cikin wanka yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Yana aiki azaman wakili mai rikitarwa, yana samar da barga masu ƙarfi tare da ions zinc. Wannan hadaddun yana taimakawa wajen sarrafa adadin zubewar zinc kuma yana inganta ingancin tudun tukwane da aka ajiye. Misali, ana iya wakilta ta kawai kamar: Zn(CN)₄²⁻ + 2e⁻ → Zn + 4CN⁻ a cathode. Rukunin ions na zinc a cikin nau'i na Zn (CN) ₄²⁻ sun fi kwanciyar hankali a cikin wanka, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin kayan aiki da kayan aiki mai kyau na zinc idan aka kwatanta da tsarin da ba a haɗa su ba.

Matakan Tsari

1. Pretreatment na Substrate

Kafin yin amfani da wutar lantarki, abin da ake amfani da shi (abun ƙarfe da za a yi wa plated) yana buƙatar pretreated sosai. Wannan mataki yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da mannewa mai kyau na murfin zinc.

• Degreasing: Da farko za a rage man da ake amfani da shi don cire duk wani gurɓataccen mai, ko mai, ko na halitta a samansa. Ana iya samun wannan ta hanyoyi irin su raguwar alkaline, inda aka nutsar da substrate a cikin wani bayani na alkaline wanda ke dauke da surfactants. Maganin alkaline yana amsawa tare da maiko, yana mai da shi kuma ya bar shi a wanke shi. Alal misali, wani bayani na raguwa na alkaline na al'ada na iya ƙunsar sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, da surfactants kamar sodium dodecyl sulfate.

• Kama: Bayan bushewa, ana aiwatar da pickling don cire tsatsa, oxides, da sauran ƙazantattun ƙwayoyin cuta daga saman ƙasa. Maganin acid, kamar hydrochloric acid ko sulfuric acid, yawanci ana amfani dashi don tsinke. Acid yana amsawa tare da oxides a saman, yana narkar da su. Misali, dangane da tsatsa (iron oxide) akan karfen karfe, abin da ake yi da hydrochloric acid shine: Fe₂O₃ + 6HCl → 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂O. Bayan pickling, ana wanke substrate sosai da ruwa don cire duk sauran acid.

2. Shiri Na Electroplating Bath

Shirye-shiryen wanka na electroplating mataki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin sodium cyanide electroplating zinc tsari.

• Sinadaran: Babban abubuwan da ke cikin wanka sun haɗa da zinc oxide (ZnO) a matsayin tushen zinc ions, sodium cyanide (NaCN) a matsayin wakili mai rikitarwa, da sodium hydroxide (NaOH) a matsayin gishiri. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya haɗa wasu abubuwan ƙari don inganta ingancin plating, kamar masu haske. Don ƙaramin wanka na cyanide electroplating bath, abun da ke ciki zai iya zama: ZnO 8 - 12 g/L, NaCN 10 - 20 g/L, NaOH 80 - 120 g/L.

• Tsarin hadawa: Na farko, an ƙara wani ɓangare na ruwa (kimanin kashi ɗaya - bisa uku na jimlar yawan wanka) a cikin tanki na plating. Sa'an nan kuma, ana ƙara adadin sodium cyanide da sodium hydroxide da ake buƙata kuma ana motsawa har sai ya narkar da shi gaba daya. Na gaba, zinc oxide yana sannu a hankali a cikin maganin yayin da yake motsawa. Zinc oxide yana amsawa tare da sodium hydroxide da sodium cyanide don samar da abubuwan da suka dace. Bayan an ƙara zinc oxide, ana diluted wanka zuwa ƙarar da ake so da ruwa. A ƙarshe, ana ƙara abubuwan ƙari bisa ga umarnin masana'anta.

3. Tsarin Electrolating

• Kafa Kwayoyin Electroplating: Tantanin halitta na electroplating ya ƙunshi wanka na plating, cathode (matsayin da za a yi amfani da shi), da kuma anode. An yi amfani da anode yawanci da ƙarfe na zinc. Lokacin da wutar lantarki ta wuce ta cikin wanka, ions zinc suna narkar da su daga anode zuwa cikin wanka kuma a lokaci guda ana ajiye su akan cathode. Yawan halin yanzu, wanda shine adadin halin yanzu a kowane yanki na yanki na cathode, ana sarrafa shi a hankali. Don sodium cyanide electroplating zinc, matsakaicin yawa na yau da kullun ya tashi daga 1 - 5 A/dm². Ƙananan yawa na halin yanzu na iya haifar da ƙarancin ajiya a hankali amma zai iya haifar da ƙarin yunifofi kuma mafi kyawun suturar hatsi. A gefe guda, mafi girma na halin yanzu yana iya ƙara yawan adadin ajiya amma yana iya haifar da matsaloli irin su plating marasa daidaituwa da ƙona rufi a manyan wurare na yanzu.

• Zazzabi da tashin hankali: Hakanan zafin jiki na wanka na lantarki yana rinjayar tsarin plating. Gabaɗaya, ana kiyaye zafin wanka a cikin kewayon 20 - 40 ° C. Yanayin zafi mafi girma na iya ƙara yawan adadin ajiya amma kuma yana iya rage ƙayyadaddun polarization na cathode, wanda ke haifar da juzu'i mai laushi. Tashin hankali na wanka yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da rarraba iri ɗaya na ions a kusa da cathode. Ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar tayar da hankali na inji, kamar yin amfani da abin motsa jiki, ko ta hanyar kumfa mai iska. Tashin hankali yana taimakawa wajen sake cika ions zinc kusa da saman cathode, yana hana samuwar gradients wanda zai iya haifar da plating mara daidaituwa.

4. Post - magani

• Rinsing: Bayan da aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki, abin da aka goge yana wanke shi sosai da ruwa don cire duk wani abin da ya rage a jikin sa. Ana iya aiwatar da matakai da yawa na kurkura, tare da wankewar farko a cikin ruwan sanyi don cire yawancin maganin, sannan ƙarin kurkura a cikin ruwa mai tsabta don tabbatar da cire duk wani gurɓataccen abu.

• Chromating: Ana yin chromating sau da yawa don ƙara haɓaka juriya na lalata na tutiya-plated Layer. Abun da aka lulluɓe yana nutsewa a cikin maganin chromating, wanda ya ƙunshi chromic acid ko gishirinsa. Tsarin chromating yana samar da wani bakin ciki, mai kariyar juzu'in jujjuyawar chromate akan saman murfin zinc. Wannan Layer yana ba da ƙarin kariya daga lalata ta hanyar aiki azaman shamaki da kuma ta hanyar warkar da kai har zuwa wani lokaci lokacin da aka kakkabe saman. Akwai nau'ikan chromating daban-daban, kamar rawaya chromating, shuɗi - fari chromating, da baƙin chromating, kowannensu yana ba da matakan juriya na lalata da kyan gani.

• Bushewa: A ƙarshe, abin da aka yi da plated da chromated ya bushe. Don ƙananan sassa, ana iya bushe su a cikin na'urar bushewa ta centrifugal tare da iska mai zafi, yayin da manyan sassa na iya zama iska - bushe a dakin da zafin jiki. Bushewa yana da mahimmanci don hana samuwar wuraren ruwa da kuma tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci na sutura.

Haɗin Wanka da Tasirinsa

1. Zinc Oxide (ZnO)

Zinc oxide shine tushen ions na zinc a cikin wankan lantarki. Matsakaicin zinc oxide a cikin wanka yana shafar adadin adadin zinc. Babban taro na zinc oxide gabaɗaya yana haifar da ƙimar ajiya mafi girma. Duk da haka, idan zinc ion maida hankali ne mai girma, zai iya haifar da matsaloli irin su matalauta amai iko (ikon da plating bayani saka uniform shafi a kan hadaddun - siffa abubuwa) da kuma coarser - grained shafi. A cikin ƙananan wanka na cyanide, ma'aunin zinc oxide mai dacewa yana yawanci a cikin kewayon da aka ambata a baya (8 - 12 g / L), wanda ke ba da daidaituwa tsakanin ƙimar ajiya da ingancin sutura.

2. Sodium Cyanide (NaCN)

Sodium cyanide yana aiki azaman wakili mai rikitarwa a cikin wanka. Yana samar da hadaddun abubuwa tare da ions zinc, kamar Zn (CN) ₄²⁻. Matsakaicin sodium cyanide yana rinjayar kwanciyar hankali na waɗannan gidaje kuma, saboda haka, halin ajiya na zinc. A cikin babban - cyanide baho, ana amfani da ƙananan ƙwayar sodium cyanide mai girma, wanda ke ba da ikon jefawa mai kyau da kuma mai laushi mai laushi. Koyaya, babban wankan cyanide yana haifar da haɗarin muhalli da aminci saboda gubar cyanide. Sabanin haka, ƙananan wanka na cyanide, waɗanda aka fi amfani da su a zamanin yau, suna amfani da ƙananan ƙwayar sodium cyanide (misali, 10 - 20 g/L). Waɗannan baho har yanzu suna ba da ingantaccen ƙarfin jifa da ingancin sutura yayin da rage matsalolin muhalli da aminci har zuwa wani matsayi. Matsakaicin sodium cyanide zuwa zinc oxide (NaCN/ZnO rabo) shima yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Matsakaicin daidaitaccen rabo yana tabbatar da samuwar bargawar gidaje da mafi kyawun yanayin plating. Misali, a wasu aikace-aikace, an fi son rabon NaCN/ZnO na kusan 1.5 - 2.5.

3. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

Sodium hydroxide yana aiki azaman gishiri mai sarrafawa a cikin wanka, yana ƙara ƙarfin lantarki na maganin. Wannan yana ba da damar ingantaccen canja wuri na halin yanzu a lokacin electroplating. Hakanan yana taimakawa wajen kula da pH na wanka. A pH na sodium cyanide electroplating zinc bath ne yawanci a cikin alkaline kewayon, a kusa da pH 12 - 14. A barga pH yana da muhimmanci ga kwanciyar hankali na hadaddun da kuma overall plating tsari. Idan pH ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, rukunin gidaje na iya lalacewa, wanda zai haifar da sakamako mara kyau. A gefe guda, idan pH ya yi yawa, zai iya haifar da matsaloli kamar lalatawar anode da yawa da kuma samuwar zinc hydroxide a cikin wanka.

4. Ƙari

• Masu haskakawa: Ana ƙara masu haske a cikin wanka don inganta haske da haske na murfin zinc. Suna aiki ta hanyar gyaggyara yanayin yanayin yanayin tulun da aka ajiye a matakin atomic. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su kamar saccharin, coumarin, da wasu gishirin ammonium na quaternary ana amfani da su azaman masu haske. Misali, saccharin na iya adsorb a saman cathode a yayin da ake sarrafa wutar lantarki, yana hana ci gaban lu'ulu'u na tutiya a wasu kwatance kuma yana haɓaka samuwar wuri mai santsi da haske.

• Mazauna: Levelers taimaka santsi fitar da duk wani rashin daidaituwa a kan substrate surface a lokacin electroplating. Sun fi son yin ajiya a kan mafi girma - na yanzu - wuraren daɗaɗɗa na substrate, rage kauri bambanci tsakanin manyan - da ƙananan - halin yanzu - yankuna masu yawa kuma yana haifar da ƙarin suturar uniform. Wasu polymers da surfactants na iya aiki azaman masu daidaitawa a cikin wankan lantarki.

• Antioxidants da Stabilizers: Ana amfani da waɗannan additives don hana oxidation na abubuwan da ke cikin wanka, musamman ma ion cyanide. Cyanide na iya zama oxidized a gaban iska da wasu ƙazanta, wanda zai iya haifar da raguwa a cikin tasiri na wakili mai rikitarwa da canje-canje a cikin sunadarai na wanka. Ana iya ƙara Antioxidants irin su sodium sulfite a cikin wanka don zubar da iskar oxygen da kuma hana iskar oxygenation na cyanide. Ana kuma ƙara masu daidaitawa don kula da kwanciyar hankali na wanka a kan lokaci, yana tabbatar da daidaitattun sakamako.

Shawarwarin Aiki

1. Tsaron Tsaro

Tunda sodium cyanide yana da guba sosai, dole ne a ɗauki tsauraran matakan tsaro yayin sarrafawa da aiki na tsarin lantarki. Duk ma'aikatan da ke cikin aikin yakamata su sa kayan kariya masu dacewa, gami da safar hannu, tabarau, da na'urar numfashi. Yankin wutar lantarki ya kamata ya kasance da iska mai kyau don hana tarin hayaki mai guba. Idan akwai wani zubewa ko hatsarori da suka shafi sodium cyanide, yakamata a bi hanyoyin mayar da martani na gaggawa. Wannan na iya haɗawa da kawar da cyanide tare da sinadarai masu dacewa (kamar maganin hypochlorite) da kuma sanar da hukumomin tsaro masu dacewa.

2. Gyaran wanka

• Nazari na yau da kullun: Ya kamata a bincika abubuwan da ke cikin wanka na electroplating akai-akai don tabbatar da cewa adadin zinc oxide, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, da additives suna cikin mafi kyawun kewayon. Ana iya amfani da hanyoyin bincike kamar titration don tantance yawan abubuwan waɗannan abubuwan. Alal misali, ana iya ƙayyade ƙaddamar da ions zinc ta hanyar titrating samfurin wanka tare da daidaitaccen bayani na EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid).

• Kula da gurɓatawa: Lalacewar wanka na iya faruwa daga sassa daban-daban, irin su ƙazantattun abubuwa a cikin albarkatun ƙasa, 带入 na abubuwa na waje daga substrate a lokacin plating, da ginawa - sama da amsa ta - samfurori. Don sarrafa gurɓatawa, yakamata a aiwatar da tacewa mai kyau na wanka. Tsarin tacewa tare da kafofin watsa labarai masu dacewa na iya cire tsayayyen barbashi da wasu gurɓatattun kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, tsaftacewar wanka na lokaci-lokaci na iya zama dole. Misali, idan najasa mai nauyi (kamar tagulla ko gubar) ta taru a cikin wanka, ana iya cire su ta hanyar hada wasu sinadarai da ke fitowa da wadannan najasa, sannan a yi tacewa.

• Cika abubuwan da aka gyara: Yayin da tsarin lantarki ke gudana, abubuwan da ke cikin wanka suna cinyewa. Ana ajiye Zinc akan cathode, kuma wasu abubuwa masu rikitarwa da ƙari na iya lalacewa ko cinye su a cikin halayen gefe. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar sake cikawa na yau da kullun na zinc oxide, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, da ƙari don kula da abun da ke cikin wanka. Za'a iya ƙayyade ƙimar sake cikawa bisa la'akari da lokacin plating, adadin sassan da aka sanya, da sakamakon binciken wanka.

3. Shirya matsala

• Makowa mara kyau: Idan rufin tutiya yana da ƙarancin mannewa ga ma'auni, abubuwan da za su iya haifar da su sun haɗa da rashin isasshen pretreatment na substrate, tsarin wanka mara kyau (kamar pH da ba daidai ba ko ƙananan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta), ko manyan matakan gurɓata a cikin wanka. Don magance wannan batu, ya kamata a sake duba tsarin da aka riga aka gyara kuma a inganta shi. Ya kamata a bincika abun da ke ciki na wanka kuma a daidaita shi idan ya cancanta, kuma ya kamata a dauki matakai don rage gurɓatawa.

• Rashin daidaituwa: Za a iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa ta hanyar abubuwa kamar rarrabawar da ba ta dace ba a cikin tantanin halitta na electroplating, rashin daidaituwa na wanka na wanka, ko bambancin juzu'i na substrate. Don magance wannan matsalar, ana iya daidaita saitin tantanin halitta don tabbatar da ƙarin daidaiton rarrabawar yanzu. Ana iya inganta hanyar tashin hankali, kuma ana iya ƙirƙira kayan aiki don riƙe ƙasa a hanyar da ke haɓaka plating iri ɗaya. Don hadaddun-sabo mai siffa, ana iya buƙatar dabarun plating na musamman ko amfani da anodes na taimako.

• Rufi ko duhu: Rufin tutiya mai duhu ko duhu yana iya zama saboda rashin isassun maida hankali mai haske a cikin wanka, yawan ƙazanta, ko sigogin plating da ba daidai ba (kamar girman yawan halin yanzu ko zafin wanka). Ya kamata a duba maida hankali mai haske kuma a daidaita shi idan an buƙata. Ya kamata a tsarkake wanka don cire ƙazanta, kuma ya kamata a inganta sigogin plating.

Kammalawa

A sodium cyanide electroplating tutiya tsari ne yadu amfani da muhimmanci hanya don samar da lalata juriya da na ado gama zuwa karfe abubuwa. Fahimtar ƙa'idodin sa, matakan aiwatarwa, abun da ke ciki na wanka, da la'akarin aiki yana da mahimmanci don samun sakamako mai inganci mai inganci. Ko da yake yana da wasu ƙalubalen muhalli da aminci waɗanda ke da alaƙa da amfani da sodium cyanide, tare da matakan tsaro masu dacewa da haɓaka hanyoyin da za su dace da muhalli (kamar ƙananan - cyanide ko cyanide - matakai na kyauta), yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin masana'antu daban-daban, ciki har da motoci, sararin samaniya, da lantarki. Ta hanyar sarrafa duk abubuwan da ke cikin tsari a hankali, masana'antun za su iya samar da samfuran zinc-plated tare da kyakkyawan inganci da aiki.