Haɓaka Ingantacciyar Leaching na Zinariya: Dabaru da Hankali

Gabatarwa

Ruwan cyanide na zinare yana matsayin ginshiki a masana'antar haƙar zinare, wanda aka san shi da ingancinsa wajen fitar da zinare daga ma'adanai. Ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin cyanide, wannan tsari yana narkar da zinare, yana sauƙaƙa murmurewa daga baya. Amfani da shi na dogon lokaci da kuma tarihin aikinsa da aka tabbatar sun sanya shi zaɓi mafi kyau ga ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai da yawa. Duk da haka, a cikin masana'antar da inganci da dorewa ke jagoranta, ci gaba da inganta tsarin ruwan cyanide yana da mahimmanci. Wannan rubutun shafin yanar gizo ya yi nazari kan hanyoyi daban-daban don haɓaka ingancin ruwan cyanide na zinare , yana bincika ingantattun hanyoyin gargajiya da dabarun zamani.

Fahimtar Tsarin Leaching na Zinare Cyanide

Tushen Cyanide Leaching

A cikin leaching cyanide na zinari, ions cyanide (CN⁻) suna amsa zinare a gaban iskar oxygen don samar da zinari mai narkewa - rukunin cyanide. Za'a iya sauƙaƙa yawan amsawar gabaɗaya kamar:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂+ 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂]+ 4NaOH

Wannan martani yana faruwa a manyan matakai guda biyu. Na farko, zinari yana da iskar oxygen, sa'an nan kuma zinare mai oxidized ya amsa tare da ions cyanide don samar da hadaddun mai narkewa. Ana iya aiwatar da aikin leaching ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar a cikin manyan tankuna don motsawa - leaching na tanki (an yi amfani da su don manyan ma'adanai ko mai da hankali) ko a cikin tsibi don tsibin tsibi (wanda ya dace da ƙananan ma'adinai).

Maɓallin Maɓalli Suna Tasirin Ingantaccen Leaching

1. Tsarin Cyanide : Kula da mafi kyawun yawan cyanide yana da mahimmanci. Idan yawan ya yi ƙasa sosai, narkar da zinare na iya zama ba cikakke ba. Akasin haka, yawan yawan cyanide ba wai kawai yana ƙara farashin cyanide ba har ma yana haifar da haɗarin muhalli. Ga yawancin ma'adanai, yawan cyanide a cikin kewayon 0.05 - 0.1% ana amfani da shi akai-akai, amma wannan na iya bambanta dangane da halayen ma'adinan.

2. Samuwar Iskar Oxygen : Iskar Oxygen muhimmin abu ne a cikin amsawar iskar oxygen ta zinare-cyanide. Isasshen wadatar iskar oxygen na iya hanzarta saurin fitar da iskar oxygen sosai. A cikin jujjuyawar tanki, ana iya shigar da iska ko iskar oxygen mai tsabta a cikin tankunan fitar da iskar. Rabon cyanide zuwa iskar oxygen (CN⁻/O₂) shima yana shafar tsarin amsawar. Lokacin da CN⁻/O₂ > 6. amsawar galibi ana sarrafa ta ne ta hanyar yaduwar iskar oxygen, yayin da lokacin da CN⁻/O₂ < 6. ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar yaduwar cyanide.

3. Matakin pH : pH na ruwan da ke fitar da sinadarin yoyo yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ana kiyaye yanayin alkaline mai yawa (yawanci pH 10-11) don hana hydrolysis na cyanide zuwa hydrogen cyanide (HCN), iskar gas mai guba da canzawa. Sau da yawa ana ƙara lemun tsami (CaO) don daidaitawa da kiyaye pH.

4. Zafin Jiki : Ƙara zafin jiki na iya ƙara yawan amsawar. Duk da haka, a aikace, yawanci zafin jiki yana iyakance zuwa kusan 25 - 40°C. Mafi girman zafin jiki na iya haifar da ƙaruwar shan cyanide saboda halayen gefe da ƙafewar iska.

Dabaru don Inganta Inganta Leaching

Inganta Ma'aunin Tsari

1. Kula da Girman Niƙa da Ƙwayoyin Ma'adinai : Tabbatar da cewa niƙa mai kyau na ma'adinai abu ne mai mahimmanci. Girman ƙwayoyin ma'adinai masu kyau suna fallasa ƙarin faɗin ma'adanai masu ɗauke da zinare ga maganin cyanide, wanda ke sauƙaƙa fitar da su cikin sauri da cikakken bayani. Misali, a wani ma'adinan zinare a Afirka ta Kudu, rage girman ƙwayoyin ma'adinan daga 75μm zuwa 53μm ya ƙara yawan dawo da zinare da kashi 8% a tsarin cire cyanide.

2. Juyawa da Tashi : A cikin jujjuyawar tanki, juyawa mai inganci yana tabbatar da rarrabawar ƙwayoyin ma'adinai iri ɗaya, maganin cyanide, da iskar oxygen a cikin tanki. Wannan yana inganta hulɗa tsakanin masu amsawa kuma yana haɓaka yawan fitar da iskar. Ana iya daidaita tsarin tashin hankali na zamani tare da injinan gudu masu canzawa bisa ga takamaiman buƙatun yanayin ma'adinai da fitar da iskar gas.

3. Inganta Lokacin Zubar da Ruwa : Tabbatar da lokacin zubar da ruwa mai dacewa shine daidaito. Tsawon lokacin zubar da ruwa na iya ƙara dawo da zinare amma kuma yana haifar da yawan amfani da cyanide da farashin aiki. Ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje da ƙirar tsari, ana iya ƙayyade lokacin zubar da ruwa mafi kyau ga nau'ikan ma'adanai daban-daban. Ga wasu ma'adanai masu inganci, lokacin zubar da ruwa na awanni 24 - 48 na iya isa, yayin da ga ma'adanai masu rikitarwa, ana iya tsawaita shi zuwa awanni 72 ko fiye.

Amfani da Additives da Promoters

1. Sinadaran Dake Haifar da Iskar Oxidation : Ƙara sinadaran da ke hana iskar oxidation kamar hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), sodium peroxide (Na₂O₂), ko calcium peroxide (CaO₂) na iya ƙara yawan iskar oxidation a cikin iskar oxidation. Waɗannan sinadarai masu hana iskar oxidation suna ƙara yawan iskar oxidation a cikin iskar oxidation kuma suna hanzarta iskar oxidation na zinariya. Misali, a cikin wani bincike kan wani ma'adinin zinariya mai hana iskar oxidation a Ostiraliya, ƙara H₂O₂ a yawan 2 kg/t na ma'adinan ya ƙara yawan iskar oxidation na zinariya daga 70% zuwa 85% a cikin lokaci ɗaya na iskar oxidation.

2. Gishirin Karfe Mai Nauyi : Wasu gishirin ƙarfe mai nauyi, kamar gishirin gubar (misali, Pb(NO₃)₂), na iya zama masu haɓaka aikin cire cyanide. Suna samar da ƙwayoyin galvanic na gida tare da zinare, suna hanzarta narkewar zinare. A cikin shukar cyanide ta Kanada, ƙara Pb(NO₃)₂ ya taimaka wajen kiyaye ingantaccen yawan iskar oxygen da ke narkewa a cikin da'irar cyanide kuma ya shawo kan mummunan tasirin ma'adanai na sulfide akan cyanidation.

3. Abubuwan Haɗaka : Ana iya amfani da sinadaran haɗaka kamar ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) don cire ƙazanta a cikin ma'adinan, kamar jan ƙarfe, zinc, da ions na ƙarfe. Wannan yana rage gasa tsakanin waɗannan ƙazanta da zinariya don ions na cyanide, yana inganta ingancin cirewar zinariya.

Advanced Leaching Technologies

1. Iskar Oxygen - Ingantaccen Ruwan Sama : Wanda aka fi sani da tsarin iskar Oxygen CIG (Carbon - in - Gold), wannan hanyar ta ƙunshi cike iskar Oxygen mai tsarki a cikin tankin zubar da ruwa maimakon iskar da aka matse. Ƙara yawan iskar Oxygen da ke narkewa a cikin slurry yana hanzarta saurin zubar da ruwa sosai. Iskar Oxygen mai wadata zai iya rage lokacin zubar da ruwa har zuwa 50% idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin zubar da iska na gargajiya kuma ya inganta ƙimar zubar da ruwa da kashi 10 - 20%.

2. Fitar da Matsi : Ana yin fitar da matsi ta cyanide a cikin jirgin ruwa mai matsin lamba. Ƙara matsin lamba yana ƙara narkewar iskar oxygen da cyanide a cikin maganin kuma yana hanzarta saurin amsawa. A matsin lamba na 2×10⁵ Pa, ƙimar narkewar zinare na iya ninka sau 10 - 20 fiye da matsin lamba na yau da kullun. Wannan fasaha tana da tasiri musamman ga ma'adanai na zinariya masu tsauri.

3. Ultrasonic - Taimakon Zubar da Ruwa : Ana iya shigar da raƙuman Ultrasonic a lokacin aikin zubar da ruwa. Ƙarfin ultrasonic yana ƙirƙirar kumfa mai ƙarfi a cikin matakin ruwa, wanda ke rushewa kuma yana haifar da yanayi mai ƙarfi da zafi mai yawa. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen tsaftace saman ƙwayoyin zinare, ya rushe layin watsawa a kusa da ƙwayoyin, da kuma haɓaka shigar ruwan cyanide cikin ma'adinan, don haka yana haɓaka ingancin zubar da ruwa.

Tsarin Kulawa da Kulawa

1. Masu Nazarin Kan Layi : Aiwatar da masu nazarin kan layi don sigogi kamar yawan cyanide, yawan iskar oxygen, pH, da yawan zinare a cikin leachate yana ba da damar sa ido kan tsarin leakage na ainihin lokaci. Misali, mai nazarin cyanide na kan layi zai iya gano canje-canje a cikin yawan cyanide cikin daƙiƙa kaɗan, wanda ke ba masu aiki damar daidaita yawan cyanide cikin sauri.

2. Tsarin Kulawa Mai Aiki da Kai : Ana iya amfani da tsarin sarrafawa mai aiki da kai don daidaita canje-canjen tsari bisa ga bayanai daga masu nazarin kan layi. Misali, ana iya daidaita ƙara cyanide, lemun tsami, da abubuwan da ke hana iskar oxygen ta atomatik bisa ga ƙimar da aka saita na yawan cyanide da pH. Wannan yana rage kuskuren ɗan adam kuma yana tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki na tsarin cire iskar.

Kammalawa

Inganta ingancin leaching na zinare cyanide aiki ne mai fannoni da yawa wanda ya haɗa da inganta sigogin tsari na gargajiya, amfani da ƙari da masu haɓakawa, ɗaukar fasahar leaching ta zamani , da aiwatar da ingantaccen tsarin sa ido da sarrafawa. Ta hanyar aiwatar da waɗannan dabarun, ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai na iya inganta ƙimar dawo da zinare, rage yawan amfani da cyanide, da haɓaka dorewar tattalin arziki da muhalli gabaɗaya. Yayin da masana'antar haƙar zinare ke ci gaba da bunƙasa, ci gaba da bincike da ƙirƙira a fasahar leaching na cyanide zai zama mahimmanci don magance ƙalubalen sarkakiyar ma'adinai da ƙa'idodin muhalli.