Liquid Sodium Cyanide: Abubuwan Sinadarai da Aikace-aikace Daban-daban

Gabatarwa

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), wani sinadari da aka san shi da ƙarfin amsawa da kuma yawan guba, yana wanzuwa a cikin nau'ikan ƙarfi da ruwa. Sodium Cyanide mai ruwa , sau da yawa a cikin nau'in ruwan magani, yana da halaye na musamman na sinadarai waɗanda ke sa shi ba makawa a cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu da kimiyya daban-daban. Wannan rubutun shafin yanar gizo ya yi bincike kan halayen sinadarai na Liquid sodium cyanide kuma ya bincika fannoni daban-daban na aikace-aikacensa, yayin da kuma ya jaddada mahimmancin kiyayewa da aminci saboda yanayin haɗari.

Chemical Properties

1. Reactivity

Ruwan sinadarin sodium cyanide yana da matuƙar amsawa saboda sinadarin cyanide da ke cikinsa. Idan yana cikin ruwa, yana rabuwa zuwa ions na sodium da ions na cyanide. ion ɗin cyanide yana da ƙarfi sosai, wanda ke nufin yana neman kuma yana amsawa da sassan wasu sinadarai na halitta da na inorganic waɗanda ba su da isasshen electron. Misali, a cikin sinadaran Organic , yana iya shiga cikin halayen maye gurbin nucleophilic. A lokacin waɗannan halayen, ion ɗin cyanide yana maye gurbin wani takamaiman rukuni a cikin kwayar halide ta halitta, wanda ke haifar da samuwar sabuwar alaƙa tsakanin carbon da nitrogen. Wannan amsawar abu ne mai mahimmanci ga yawancin amfaninsa wajen ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin halitta masu rikitarwa.

2. Solubility

Sodium cyanide yana narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa, yana samar da mafita masu haske, marasa launi. Yawan narkewar sa ya faru ne sakamakon tsarin ionic mai ƙarfi. ions ɗin sodium masu caji mai kyau suna jawo hankalin ƙwayoyin oxygen masu caji mara kyau a cikin ƙwayoyin ruwa, yayin da ions ɗin cyanide masu caji mara kyau suna hulɗa da ƙwayoyin hydrogen masu caji mai kyau na ruwa. Wannan hulɗa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ions ɗin Sodium cyanide da ƙwayoyin ruwa yana ba da damar narkewa mai yawa, yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar mafita masu ƙarfi na sodium cyanide.

3. pH da Basicity

Maganin ruwa na sodium cyanide suna da kaddarorin asali. Cyanide ion shine tushen haɗin gwiwar hydrocyanic acid, acid mai rauni. Lokacin da ions cyanide ke cikin ruwa, suna fuskantar wani abin da ake kira hydrolysis. A lokacin hydrolysis, ions cyanide suna amsawa tare da kwayoyin ruwa, suna samar da hydrocyanic acid da ions hydroxide. Sakin waɗannan ions hydroxide yana ƙara pH na maganin. Yawanci, ruwa sodium cyanide mafita yana da pH a cikin kewayon 11 - 13. yana nuna cewa suna da alkaline sosai.

4. Guba

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman halaye na ruwa sodium cyanide shine matsananciyar guba. Cyanide ion yana ɗaure ba tare da juyowa ba ga ƙarfe (III) ion da ke cikin cytochrome oxidase, wani enzyme wanda ke da mahimmanci ga sarkar jigilar lantarki ta mitochondrial. Wannan ɗaure yana dakatar da enzyme daga karɓar electrons, yadda ya kamata ya dakatar da numfashin salula. Idan ba tare da numfashin salula ba, sel ba za su iya samar da adenosine triphosphate (ATP), tushen makamashi ga sel ba. A sakamakon haka, sel suna mutuwa da sauri. Shakar numfashi, sha, ko saduwa da fata tare da ruwa sodium cyanide na iya zama mai kisa ga mutane da sauran halittu.

Filin Aikace-aikace

1. Zinariya da Zinariya

Mafi sanannun amfani da ruwa sodium cyanide yana cikin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, musamman don hako zinari da azurfa. Tsarin, wanda ake kira cyanidation, ya haɗa da yin amfani da maganin sodium cyanide na dilute don narkar da zinariya da azurfa daga ma'adinan su. A gaban oxygen da ruwa, sodium cyanide yana amsawa tare da zinariya da azurfa, yana samar da mahadi waɗanda zasu iya narke a cikin maganin. Ana iya raba waɗannan mahadi masu narkewa daga sauran kayan tama. Bayan rabuwa, ana amfani da ƙarin matakai kamar hazo tare da zinc ko electrolysis don dawo da karafa masu daraja. Cyanidation hanya ce mai tsada - inganci da inganci don fitar da zinari da azurfa daga ma'adanai masu ƙarancin ƙima, yana mai da shi muhimmin tsari a haƙar ma'adinai na zamani.

2. Tsarin Halitta

A cikin kwayoyin sunadarai, ruwa sodium cyanide ne yadu amfani a matsayin reagent a daban-daban kira halayen. Godiya ga yanayin nucleophilic mai ƙarfi, yana iya shiga cikin halayen maye gurbin nucleophilic. Alal misali, a cikin samar da nitriles, wani alkyl halide zai iya amsawa tare da sodium cyanide a cikin kwayoyin halitta kamar dimethylformamide. Wannan halayen yana haifar da samuwar fili na nitrile. Nitriles sune mahimman mahadi na tsaka-tsaki da ake amfani da su a cikin haɗin magunguna, agrochemicals, da sauran sinadarai masu kyau. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da sodium cyanide a cikin haɗin amino acid na Strecker. A cikin wannan tsari, yana amsawa da aldehyde ko ketone a gaban ammonia don samar da wani fili mai suna α-amino nitrile, wanda za'a iya sarrafa shi don ƙirƙirar amino acid.

3. Yin lantarki

Ana amfani da ruwa mai sinadarin sodium cyanide a cikin hanyoyin Electroplating , musamman don electroplating karafa kamar zinariya, azurfa, jan ƙarfe, da zinc. Baho mai amfani da electroplating bisa Cyanide yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa. Suna ba da ƙarfin jifa mai kyau, wanda ke nufin za su iya sanya shafi iri ɗaya akan abubuwa masu siffofi masu rikitarwa. Hakanan suna haifar da ma'ajiyar ƙarfe mai haske da santsi kuma suna tabbatar da mannewa mai kyau na Layer ɗin da aka shafa ga kayan da ke ƙarƙashinsa. A cikin maganin electroplating, ions na cyanide suna samar da mahaɗan da suka dawwama tare da ions ɗin ƙarfe da ake shafawa. A lokacin aikin electroplating, ana rage waɗannan mahaɗan a cathode, suna sanya siririn Layer na ƙarfe a kan abin da ake shafawa.

4. Magani da Tsaftace Karfe

A cikin masana'antar ƙarfe, ana amfani da ruwa sodium cyanide don magani da tsaftace karafa. Yana iya kawar da oxides na sama da sauran ƙazanta yadda ya kamata daga karafa. Reactivity na cyanide ion yana ba shi damar amsawa tare da oxides na ƙarfe, yana canza su zuwa mahadi waɗanda zasu iya narke a cikin bayani. Wadannan mahadi masu narkewa ana iya wanke su. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da sodium cyanide a lokacin zafi - jiyya na karafa don haɓaka abubuwan da suka dace, kamar ƙara taurin su da juriya.

La'akari da Lafiya

Ganin matsananciyar guba na sodium cyanide na ruwa, dole ne a bi tsauraran matakan tsaro yayin sarrafawa, adanawa, da amfani da shi. Ma'aikata a masana'antu da ke amfani da sodium cyanide ya kamata su sami horo na musamman akan hanyoyin aminci. Wannan ya haɗa da koyon yadda ake amfani da kayan kariya na sirri (PPE) kamar safar hannu, tabarau, da na'urar numfashi daidai. Ya kamata a tsara wuraren ajiya na sodium cyanide don hana yadudduka da kuma tabbatar da samun iska mai kyau don guje wa ginawar cyanide - mai dauke da tururi. A yayin zube, hanyoyin amsa gaggawar da suka dace, kamar kawar da sodium cyanide tare da wakili mai dacewa kamar sodium hypochlorite, dole ne a aiwatar da shi nan da nan don hana gurɓacewar muhalli da kare lafiyar ɗan adam.

Kammalawa

Liquid sodium cyanide, tare da sinadarai na musamman, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a masana'antu da yawa. Daga hakar karafa masu daraja a cikin hakar ma'adinai zuwa hada hadadden kwayoyin halitta da jiyya na karfe, aikace-aikacen sa sun bambanta kuma suna da nisa. Koyaya, yawan gubarsa yana buƙatar matuƙar taka tsantsan da tsananin bin ƙa'idodin aminci. Yayin da masana'antu ke ci gaba da haɓakawa, alhakin yin amfani da ruwa sodium cyanide zai kasance da mahimmanci ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da muhalli da amincin ɗan adam.