Zvenyama Zvivakwa uye Makiyi Paramita eSodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ikemikari inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri, asi ine chepfu yakawanda. Kunzwisisa hunhu hwayo hwemuviri uye zvinhu zvakakosha kwakakosha pakubata kwayo nekushandiswa kwayo zvakachengeteka muminda yakasiyana-siyana.

1. Kuonekwa

Sodium cyanide inowanzoita sechena crystalline granules kana poda mune yayo yakachena fomu. Mune zvigadziriso zveindasitiri, zvinogona zvakare kusangana mune imwe granular kana yakasimba block fomu. Ruvara runowanzo chena yakachena, inova hunhu hwemuviri hunogona kushandiswa kutanga kuzivikanwa murabhoritari kana indasitiri nharaunda. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti nekuda kwehupfu hwayo hwakanyanyisa, kuongorora kwekuona kunofanirwa kuitwa chete nekuchengetedza kwakaringana.

2. Kunhuwa

Iine kunhuhwirira kusinganzwisisike, kunowanzotsanangurwa sechinhu chisina simba, chinovava chinonhuwira chealmond. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva kuti havasi vose vanogona kuona kunhuwa uku. Kugona kunhuwidza cyanide komisheni kunotemerwa genetically, uye chikamu chakakosha chehuwandu chinoshaya anonhuhwirira receptor inodiwa kuti vaone kunhuhwirira uku. Izvi zvinoita kuti kuvimba chete nekunhuhwirira kwekuonekwa kusavimbike, uye nzira dzakaomarara dzekuongorora dzinodiwa mukuchengetedzeka uye kutarisisa kwemaindasitiri.

3. Chimiro cheCrystal

Sodium cyanide inoumba makristaro mu cubic crystal system. Chimiro ichi chakagadzirwa nekurongeka kwakajairika kwe sodium cations (Na⁺) uye cyanide anions (CN⁻). Chimiro che cubic crystal chinopa Sodium cyanide hunhu hwayo hwechimiro chakasimba, senge kupfava kwayo uye mapatani ekutsemuka kana yakasimbiswa ne mechanically. Chimiro che lattice mu cubic system chinokanganisawo zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sekunyungudika uye maitiro ekunyunguduka.

4. Melting Point

Nzvimbo yekunyunguduka kweSodium Cyanide i563.7 °C (836.8 K). Nzvimbo iyi yekunyunguduka yakakwira inokonzerwa nekubatana kwakasimba kweionic pakati peiyoni yesodium necyanide. Makemikoro eIonic, akadai sesodium cyanide , anoda simba rakawanda kuti aputse ma bond aya uye achinje kubva pane yakasimba kuenda kune liquid phase. Nzvimbo iyi yekunyunguduka yakakwira ine zvazvinoreva pakugadzirwa kwayo kwemaindasitiri. Semuenzaniso, mune mamwe mashandisirwo apo sodium cyanide yakanyungudutswa inodiwa, michina yakasarudzika yekupisa kwepamusoro inofanirwa kushandiswa kusvika nekuchengetedza tembiricha inodiwa yekugadzirisa.

5. Boiling Point

Sodium cyanide inovira pa1496 °C (1769 K). Zvakafanana nepamusoro pekunyunguduka kwayo, iyo yakakwira yekubikira inokonzerwa nekusimba kweiyo ionic zvisungo mukomboni. Simba rinodiwa kuti riparadzanise zvachose maion kubva kune mumwe nemumwe muchikamu chemvura uye nekuashandura kuita gaseous state yakakura. Pakuvira, mhute yesodium cyanide inova yakaenzana nemhepo yemhepo, zvichiita kuti mvura ishanduke kuita mhute. Ruzivo rwepoindi yekubikira rwakakosha muzvirongwa zvinosanganisira distillation kana tembiricha yakakwira apo sodium cyanide inogona kunge iripo muchikamu chemhute.

6. Kuwandisa

Kuwanda kwe sodium cyanide inenge 1.596 g/cm³. Density value iyi inoratidza kuti inorema kudarika mvura, ine density ye 1 g/cm³ at standard conditions. Nenzira inoshanda, kana sodium cyanide inobatanidzwa mukudurura kana tsaona munzvimbo ine mvura, inonyura pasi. Ichi chivakwa chakakosha kutarisisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedza, sezvo ichikanganisa mafambisirwo achaita chinhu ichi uye chirimo kana chaburitswa netsaona.

7. Solubility

Sodium cyanide inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura. Inoparadzaniswa nyore nyore kuita sodium ions (Na⁺) uye cyanide ions (CN⁻) mune mhinduro ine mvura. Kunyungudika mumvura ndiko kudziya - kunoenderana. Pa 0 ° C, inenge 40.8 g ye sodium cyanide inogona kunyunguduka mu 100 g yemvura, uye kukosha uku kunowedzera kusvika 58.7 g / 100 g yemvura pa 20 ° C uye 71.2 g / 100 g yemvura pa 30 ° C. Iyo zvakare inonyungudika mune mamwe polar solvents senge ammonia, ethanol, uye methanol. Kunyungudika mune izvi zvinonyungudutsa kunokonzerwa nekugona kwepolar solvent molecules kudyidzana neiyo ionic mhando yesodium cyanide kuburikidza neion - dipole forces. Mumaindasitiri ekushandisa, senge mukutorwa kwegoridhe nesirivheri uko sodium cyanide inoshandiswa mune ine aqueous solution, kunyungudika kwayo kwakanyanya mumvura chinhu chakakosha chinogonesa kuomarara kuita nesimbi dzakakosha.

8. Hygroscopicity

Sodium cyanide inonzi hygroscopic, zvinoreva kuti ine simba rakasimba rekutora unyoro kubva mumhepo. Kana yaiswa kumhepo ine hunyoro, inogona kunhonga mamorekuru emvura uye pakupedzisira inonyungudika, ichiita mhinduro yemvura. Ichi chivakwa chine hukama nehutete hwayo. Deliquescent zvinhu, sesodium cyanide, inotora hunyoro hwakawanda zvekuti inogona kushanduka kuita mvura nekufamba kwenguva. Iyi hygroscopic chimiro inoisa matambudziko mukuchengetedza kwayo uye kubata. Inofanirwa kuchengetwa mumhepo - midziyo yakaoma munzvimbo yakaoma kuti idzivirire kubva mukunyorova, izvo zvinogona kutungamira mukuumbwa kwehydrogen cyanide gasi kuburikidza nekuita kwehydrolysis.

9. Vapor Pressure

Yakazara mhute pressure ye sodium cyanide i 0.13 kPa pa 817 °C. Mupfuti (vapor pressure) idzvinyiriro inoitwa nemhute yechinhu chakaenzana nemvura yacho kana kuti yakasimba patembiricha yakapihwa. Kune sodium cyanide, iyo yakaderera mhute yekumanikidza pane yakajairika tembiricha inoreva kuti haisi nyore kuputika. Nekudaro, sezvo tembiricha inowedzera, iyo vapor pressure inowedzerawo. Pakupisa kwakanyanya, senge panguva yemamwe maindasitiri maitiro kana kana moto, iyo yakawedzera mhute yekumanikidza inogona kutungamira mukuburitswa kwehupfu sodium cyanide vapor. Ichi chinhu chakakosha chekuchengetedza, sezvo inhalation yesodium cyanide vapor inogona kuva nengozi zvakanyanya uye inogona kuuraya.

10. Octanol - Mvura Yekuparadzanisa Coefficient (log P)

Iyo octanol - mvura partition coefficient ye sodium cyanide inenge - 1.69. Iyi parameter chiyero chekunyungudika kunoenderana kwekomboni mu octanol (a non-polar solvent) uye mvura (a polar solvent). A negative log P value ye sodium cyanide inoratidza kuti inonyungudika mumvura kupfuura mu octanol. Mune mamwe mazwi, ine hukama hwepamusoro hwenzvimbo dzepolar. Ichi chivakwa chakakosha mukunzwisisa kuti sodium cyanide ichaita sei munzvimbo dzechisikigo, senge mumiviri yemvura. Mumakemikari ezvakatipoteredza, iyo octanol - mvura yekuparadzanisa coefficient inoshandiswa kufanotaura kugoverwa kwekemikari pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zvezvakatipoteredza, zvakadai semvura, ivhu, uye zvipenyu. Sezvo sodium cyanide iine chido chakasimba chemvura, inoramba ichiramba iri mumagetsi emvura uye inogona kuisa njodzi kuhupenyu hwemvura kana ikapinda mumvura yemvura kuburikidza nekubuda kwemaindasitiri kana tsaona.

Mukupedzisa, izvo zvemuviri zvimiro uye akakosha ma paramita e sodium cyanide anoita basa rakakosha mukushandiswa kwayo kwemaindasitiri, pamwe nekuchengetedza uye kufunga kwezvakatipoteredza. Nekuda kwehupfu hwayo hwakanyanya, chero kubata kana kushandiswa kwesodium cyanide kunofanirwa kuitwa nekuchenjerera kwakanyanya, zvichitevera kusimba kwekuchengetedza mapuroteni nemirau.