Izindlela Nezinqubo Zokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile Aqukethe i-Cyanide evela ku-Cyanide Tailings

Embonini yezimayini, ukukhishwa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu kuvame ukubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwe i-cyanide, ekhiqiza inani elikhulu lamanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide izinhlayiya ze-cyanide. La manzi angcolile anobuthi obukhulu futhi aba usongo olukhulu endaweni ezungezile nempilo yabantu uma engelashwa ngendlela efanele. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokwelapha ezisebenzayo kanye nezinqubo zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni intuthuko esimeme emkhakheni wezimayini. Lesi sihloko sizokwethula ngokugcwele izindlela zokwelapha nezinqubo zamanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide asuka emisileni ye-cyanide.

1. Ukubaluleka Kokwelapha Amanzi Angcolile Aqukethe I-Cyanide Asuka Emisileni Ye-Cyanide

I-Cyanide iyisithako esinobuthi obukhulu esingavimbela ukusebenza okuvamile kwama-enzyme okuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, okuholela ekufeni kwamangqamuzana. Ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi, i-cyanide ingaba yingozi kakhulu ezintweni eziphila emanzini, iphazamise ibhalansi yemvelo yemithombo yamanzi. Uma amanzi angcolile ane-cyanide engena emhlabathini noma emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, angangcolisa imithombo yamanzi ebalulekile ekuphuzweni kwabantu nokunisela ngenkasa kwezolimo, ngaleyo ndlela abeke engozini impilo yabantu nokukhiqizwa kwezolimo. Ukuhlanza ngokuqinile la manzi angcolile akuyona nje imfuneko yemithetho yokuvikela imvelo kodwa futhi kuyisinyathelo esidingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokusebenza okuzinzile kwamabhizinisi ezimayini.

2. Izindlela Zokwelapha Ezivamile

2.1 I-Chemical Oxidation

• Ukufakwa kwe-Chlorine Ukuxhunyaniswa kwe-Oxidation : Lena enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuxhunyaniswa kwamakhemikhali. Ama-reagent asekelwe ku-chlorine, njenge-sodium hypochlorite kanye ne-calcium hypochlorite, ayengezwa emanzini angcolile. I-Chlorine isabela nama-ion e-cyanide ukuze ixube ibe yi-cyanate engenabo ubuthi kuqala, bese ixuba i-cyanate ibe yi -Carbon dioxide, i-nitrogen, nezinye izinto ezingenabungozi. Inqubo yokusabela ishesha kakhulu, kodwa idinga ukulawula umthamo we-oxidant ngokunembile ukuze igweme ukusetshenziswa kwe-chlorine ngokweqile kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo eyingozi.

• Ukushiswa kwe-Ozone : I-Ozone inezakhiwo eziqinile zokushiswa kwe-oxidizing. Uma isetshenziswa ukwelapha amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide, i-ozone ingasabela ngqo ne-cyanide ukuze ibole ibe izinto ezingezona ezinobuthi. Ukushiswa kwe-Ozone kunezinzuzo zokungangcolisi okwesibili kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-oxidation ephezulu. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zayo zokutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini ziphakeme kakhulu, futhi ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-ozone kudinga izimo zokusebenza eziqinile.

• I-Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation : I-hydrogen peroxide ingaphinde i-oxidize i-cyanide ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ivame ukusetshenziswa kanye nama-catalyst, njengosawoti wensimbi, ukuthuthukisa izinga le-oxidation. Le ndlela inobungani nemvelo, kodwa isikhathi sokuphendula singase sibe side, futhi ukukhethwa kwama-catalyst afanele kanye nezimo zokusabela kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kokwelashwa.

2.2 Ukwelashwa Kwebhayoloji

Izindlela zokwelapha zebhayoloji zisebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukwehlisa i-cyanide. Amanye amabhaktheriya athile angasebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni kanye nomthombo we-nitrogen wokukhula kanye nemetabolism. Enqubweni yokwelapha yebhayoloji, amanzi angcolile adinga ukushaywa kusengaphambili ukuze kukhishwe izinto eziyingozi kuzilwanyana ezincane, bese amanzi angcolile ethulwa ohlelweni lokwelapha lwebhayoloji, olufana nesistimu yodaka olucushiwe noma i-biofilm reactor. Indawo ekahle yokukhula kwama-microorganisms, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa, inani le-pH, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, njll., idinga ukugcinwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe umsebenzi wabo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuwohloka kwe-cyanide. Ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji kunezinzuzo zezindleko eziphansi kanye nokungcoliswa kwesibili okuncane, kodwa kuzwela kakhulu kwikhwalithi yamanzi angcolile futhi kudinga umjikelezo omude wokuhlanza.

2.3 Izindlela Zomzimba-zamakhemikhali

• I-Ion Exchange : Ama-resin okushintshana kwe-ion anemisebenzi ethile angamunca ama-ion e-cyanide emanzini angcolile ngokukhetha. Lawa ma-resin anamaqembu asebenzayo angasebenzisana nama-ion e-cyanide. Ngemva kokuba ama-resin egcwele ama-ion e-cyanide, angavuselelwa ngama-agent okuvuselela afanele, futhi ama-ion e-cyanide angabuyiswa noma aphathwe ngokuqhubekayo. I-ion exchange inokukhetha okuphezulu nokusebenza kahle kokwelashwa, kodwa izindleko zama-resin nama-agent okuvuselela kudingeka zicatshangelwe, futhi ukwelashwa kwemfucuza yokuvuselela nakho kudinga ukunakwa.

• Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Membrane : Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa i-membrane, njenge-reverse osmosis kanye ne-nanofiltration, bungahlukanisa ama-ion e-cyanide emanzini angcolile ngokusebenzisa ukugeleza okukhethiwe kwe-membrane. Le ndlela ingasusa ngempumelelo i-cyanide nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo, futhi ikhwalithi yamanzi aphathwe kahle ilungile. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane kuthambekele ezinkingeni zokungcola kwe-membrane, ezidinga ukuhlanzwa njalo nokugcinwa kwe-membrane, okwandisa izindleko zokusebenza.

3. Inqubo Yokwelapha Okujwayelekile

3.1 Ukwelashwa Ngaphambili

Ngaphambi kokwelashwa okusemthethweni, amanzi angcolile ane-cyanide avela emisileni ye-cyanide adinga ukucocwa. Lesi sinyathelo ngokuyinhloko sihlanganisa ukukhipha okuqinile okukhulu okumisiwe, ukulungisa inani le-pH lamanzi angcolile, kanye nokwenza ezinye izinto zingasebenzi ezingase ziphazamise izinqubo zokwelashwa ezilandelayo. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwamathangi okuthulisa kungasusa okuqinile okumisiwe, futhi ukwengeza i-asidi efanelekile noma i-alkali kungalungisa inani le-pH lamanzi angcolile libe ibanga elifanelekile lokwelashwa okulandelayo.

3.2 Ukwelashwa Okuyinhloko

Ngokwendlela yokwelapha ekhethiwe, amanzi angcolile afakwe ngaphambilini angena esigabeni esikhulu sokwelashwa. Uma usebenzisa i-chemical oxidation, i-oxidant ehambisanayo yengezwa ngokwesilinganiso esibaliwe, futhi ukusabela kwenziwa ethangini lokusabela elinokunyakaziswa okufanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthintana okwanele phakathi kwe-oxidant ne-cyanide. Endabeni yokwelashwa kwebhayoloji, amanzi angcolile angeniswa kudivayisi yokwelapha yebhayoloji, futhi imingcele yokusebenza yedivayisi iyalungiswa ukuze kugcinwe indawo yokukhula efanele yama-microorganisms. Ezindleleni zamakhemikhali aphathekayo, amanzi angcolile adlula kumakholomu okushintshaniswa kwe-ion noma okokusebenza kokuhlukanisa ulwelwesi ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlukaniswa nokususwa kwe-cyanide.

3.3 Ngemva kokwelashwa

Ngemuva kokwelashwa okuyinhloko, ukwelashwa ngemuva kokwelashwa kuyadingeka ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuhlanza amanzi ahlanzekile futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa. Ukwelashwa kwangemva kokwelashwa kungase kuhlanganise izinqubo ezinjengokususwa okwengeziwe kwezinsalela zokungcola okulandela umkhondo, ukulungiswa kwezinkomba zekhwalithi yamanzi (njengokulungiswa kwe-pH futhi, ukuncishiswa kwesidingo sekhemikhali komoyampilo), kanye nokubulala amagciwane. Amanzi ahlanzekile adinga ukuthathwa futhi ahlolwe njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinga lawo liyahlangabezana nezidingo ezifanele zokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

4. Ukucatshangelwa Okubalulekile kanye Nezitayela Zesikhathi esizayo

Ngesikhathi senqubo yokwelashwa, kuyadingeka ukunaka ukuphepha kwabaqhubi ukuvimbela ubuthi be-cyanide. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhethwa kwezindlela zokwelapha kanye nezinqubo kufanele kucabangele izici ezifana nezindleko zokwelashwa, ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa, kanye nomthelela wemvelo. Ngokuzayo, ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezidingo zokuvikela imvelo, ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza amanzi angcolile obusebenza kahle kakhulu, obunobungani bemvelo, kanye nenani eliphansi le-cyanide obuqukethe i-cyanide buzoba inkambiso yentuthuko. Isibonelo, inhlanganisela yezindlela zokwelapha eziningi, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-catalyst amasha nezinto zokwakha ze-chemical oxidation, kanye nokwenza kahle kwezinqubo zokwelashwa kwebhayoloji ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokucekelwa phansi kwe-cyanide.

Sengiphetha, ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ane-cyanide avela emisileni ye-cyanide kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi kodwa obalulekile. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha ezifanele kanye nezinqubo, futhi ngokuqhubekayo sihlola futhi sisungula izinto ezintsha, singakwazi ukuxazulula ngempumelelo inkinga yokunukubezeka kwe-cyanide, sivikele indawo ezungezile yemvelo, futhi sikhuthaze intuthuko esimeme yemboni yezimayini.