Izindlela Nezinqubo Zokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile Aqukethe i-Cyanide evela ku-Cyanide Tailings

Embonini yezimayini, ukukhishwa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu kuvame ukubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwe i-cyanide, ekhiqiza inani elikhulu lamanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide izinhlayiya ze-cyanide. La manzi angcolile anobuthi obukhulu futhi aba usongo olukhulu endaweni ezungezile nempilo yabantu uma engelashwa ngendlela efanele. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokwelapha ezisebenzayo kanye nezinqubo zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni intuthuko esimeme emkhakheni wezimayini. Lesi sihloko sizokwethula ngokugcwele izindlela zokwelapha nezinqubo zamanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide asuka emisileni ye-cyanide.

1. Ukubaluleka Kokwelapha Amanzi Angcolile Aqukethe I-Cyanide Asuka Emisileni Ye-Cyanide

I-Cyanide iyisithako esinobuthi obukhulu esingavimbela ukusebenza okuvamile kwama-enzyme okuphefumula kwamangqamuzana, okuholela ekufeni kwamangqamuzana. Ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi, i-cyanide ingaba yingozi kakhulu ezintweni eziphila emanzini, iphazamise ibhalansi yemvelo yemithombo yamanzi. Uma amanzi angcolile ane-cyanide engena emhlabathini noma emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, angangcolisa imithombo yamanzi ebalulekile ekuphuzweni kwabantu nokunisela ngenkasa kwezolimo, ngaleyo ndlela abeke engozini impilo yabantu nokukhiqizwa kwezolimo. Ukuhlanza ngokuqinile la manzi angcolile akuyona nje imfuneko yemithetho yokuvikela imvelo kodwa futhi kuyisinyathelo esidingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokusebenza okuzinzile kwamabhizinisi ezimayini.

2. Izindlela Zokwelapha Ezivamile

2.1 I-Chemical Oxidation

• I-Chlorination Oxidation: This is one of the most widely used chemical oxidation methods. Chlorine-based reagents, such as sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite, are added to the wastewater. Chlorine reacts with cyanide ions to oxidize them into less toxic cyanate first, and then further oxidize cyanate into I-Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and other harmless substances. The reaction process is relatively fast, but it needs to control the dosage of the oxidant accurately to avoid excessive chlorine consumption and the generation of harmful by-products.

• I-Ozone Oxidation: I-ozone inezinto ezinamandla zokuxilisa. Uma isetshenziselwa ukwelapha amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-cyanide, i-ozone ingasabela ngokuqondile nge-cyanide ukuze iwachithe ibe yizinto ezingezona ezinobuthi. I-ozone oxidation inezinzuzo zokungabi nokungcoliswa kwesibili kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-oxidation. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zayo zokutshala izimali ziphakeme kakhulu, futhi ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-ozone kudinga izimo zokusebenza eziqinile.

• I-Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation: I-hydrogen peroxide ingakwazi futhi ukukhipha i-cyanide ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nama-catalysts, afana nosawoti wensimbi, ukuthuthukisa izinga le-oxidation. Le ndlela ihambisana kahle nemvelo, kodwa isikhathi sokusabela singase sibe side, futhi ukukhethwa kwama-catalyst afanelekile nezimo zokusabela kubalulekile ukuze ukwelashwa kuphumelele.

2.2 Ukwelashwa Kwebhayoloji

Izindlela zokwelapha zebhayoloji zisebenzisa ama-microorganisms ukwehlisa i-cyanide. Amanye amabhaktheriya athile angasebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni kanye nomthombo we-nitrogen wokukhula kanye nemetabolism. Enqubweni yokwelapha yebhayoloji, amanzi angcolile adinga ukushaywa kusengaphambili ukuze kukhishwe izinto eziyingozi kuzilwanyana ezincane, bese amanzi angcolile ethulwa ohlelweni lokwelapha lwebhayoloji, olufana nesistimu yodaka olucushiwe noma i-biofilm reactor. Indawo ekahle yokukhula kwama-microorganisms, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa, inani le-pH, umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, njll., idinga ukugcinwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe umsebenzi wabo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuwohloka kwe-cyanide. Ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji kunezinzuzo zezindleko eziphansi kanye nokungcoliswa kwesibili okuncane, kodwa kuzwela kakhulu kwikhwalithi yamanzi angcolile futhi kudinga umjikelezo omude wokuhlanza.

2.3 Izindlela Zomzimba-zamakhemikhali

• I-Ion Exchange: Ama-resin okushintshanisa ama-ion anemisebenzi ethile angakhanga ama-ion e-cyanide ngokukhetha emanzini angcolile. Lawa ma-resin anamaqembu asebenzayo angaxhumana nama-cyanide ions. Ngemva kokuba ama-resin egcwele ama-ion e-cyanide, angavuselelwa ngama-ejenti okuvuselela afanelekile, futhi ama-cyanide ion angabuyiselwa noma aqhubeke nokwelashwa. Ukushintshaniswa kwe-Ion kunokukhetha okuphezulu nokusebenza kahle kokwelashwa, kodwa izindleko zama-resin kanye nama-agent okuvuselela kudingeka zicatshangelwe, futhi ukwelashwa kwemfucuza yokuvuselela nakho kudinga ukunakwa.

• Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Membrane: Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa ama-membrane, njenge-osmosis ehlehlayo kanye ne-nanofiltration, bungahlukanisa ama-ion e-cyanide emanzini angcolile ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi olukhethiwe lokungena. Le ndlela ingasusa ngempumelelo i-cyanide nokunye ukungcola, futhi izinga lamanzi ahlanziwe lihle uma kuqhathaniswa. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane kuthambekele ezinkingeni zokungcola kwe-membrane, okudinga ukuhlanzwa njalo nokugcinwa kwe-membrane, okwandisa izindleko zokusebenza.

3. Inqubo Yokwelapha Okujwayelekile

3.1 Ukwelashwa Ngaphambili

Ngaphambi kokwelashwa okusemthethweni, amanzi angcolile ane-cyanide avela emisileni ye-cyanide adinga ukucocwa. Lesi sinyathelo ngokuyinhloko sihlanganisa ukukhipha okuqinile okukhulu okumisiwe, ukulungisa inani le-pH lamanzi angcolile, kanye nokwenza ezinye izinto zingasebenzi ezingase ziphazamise izinqubo zokwelashwa ezilandelayo. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwamathangi okuthulisa kungasusa okuqinile okumisiwe, futhi ukwengeza i-asidi efanelekile noma i-alkali kungalungisa inani le-pH lamanzi angcolile libe ibanga elifanelekile lokwelashwa okulandelayo.

3.2 Ukwelashwa Okuyinhloko

Ngokwendlela yokwelapha ekhethiwe, amanzi angcolile afakwe ngaphambilini angena esigabeni esikhulu sokwelashwa. Uma usebenzisa i-chemical oxidation, i-oxidant ehambisanayo yengezwa ngokwesilinganiso esibaliwe, futhi ukusabela kwenziwa ethangini lokusabela elinokunyakaziswa okufanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthintana okwanele phakathi kwe-oxidant ne-cyanide. Endabeni yokwelashwa kwebhayoloji, amanzi angcolile angeniswa kudivayisi yokwelapha yebhayoloji, futhi imingcele yokusebenza yedivayisi iyalungiswa ukuze kugcinwe indawo yokukhula efanele yama-microorganisms. Ezindleleni zamakhemikhali aphathekayo, amanzi angcolile adlula kumakholomu okushintshaniswa kwe-ion noma okokusebenza kokuhlukanisa ulwelwesi ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlukaniswa nokususwa kwe-cyanide.

3.3 Ngemva kokwelashwa

Ngemuva kokwelashwa okuyinhloko, ukwelashwa ngemuva kokwelashwa kuyadingeka ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuhlanza amanzi ahlanzekile futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa. Ukwelashwa kwangemva kokwelashwa kungase kuhlanganise izinqubo ezinjengokususwa okwengeziwe kwezinsalela zokungcola okulandela umkhondo, ukulungiswa kwezinkomba zekhwalithi yamanzi (njengokulungiswa kwe-pH futhi, ukuncishiswa kwesidingo sekhemikhali komoyampilo), kanye nokubulala amagciwane. Amanzi ahlanzekile adinga ukuthathwa futhi ahlolwe njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinga lawo liyahlangabezana nezidingo ezifanele zokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

4. Ukucatshangelwa Okubalulekile kanye Nezitayela Zesikhathi esizayo

Ngesikhathi senqubo yokwelashwa, kuyadingeka ukunaka ukuphepha kwabaqhubi ukuvimbela ubuthi be-cyanide. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhethwa kwezindlela zokwelapha kanye nezinqubo kufanele kucabangele izici ezifana nezindleko zokwelashwa, ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa, kanye nomthelela wemvelo. Ngokuzayo, ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezidingo zokuvikela imvelo, ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza amanzi angcolile obusebenza kahle kakhulu, obunobungani bemvelo, kanye nenani eliphansi le-cyanide obuqukethe i-cyanide buzoba inkambiso yentuthuko. Isibonelo, inhlanganisela yezindlela zokwelapha eziningi, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-catalyst amasha nezinto zokwakha ze-chemical oxidation, kanye nokwenza kahle kwezinqubo zokwelashwa kwebhayoloji ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokucekelwa phansi kwe-cyanide.

Sengiphetha, ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile ane-cyanide avela emisileni ye-cyanide kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi kodwa obalulekile. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha ezifanele kanye nezinqubo, futhi ngokuqhubekayo sihlola futhi sisungula izinto ezintsha, singakwazi ukuxazulula ngempumelelo inkinga yokunukubezeka kwe-cyanide, sivikele indawo ezungezile yemvelo, futhi sikhuthaze intuthuko esimeme yemboni yezimayini.