Cyanidation Zinare hakar: Mayar da hankali kan Tsarin Cyanidation Percolation

Gabatarwa

Zinariya ta kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci a tarihin ɗan adam, ba wai kawai don amfaninta a kayan ado ba har ma a masana'antu daban-daban kamar na'urorin lantarki, likitan hakori, da kuma sararin samaniya. Cire zinare daga ma'adanai tsari ne mai sarkakiya, inda cyanidation ke ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su. Cire zinare na Cyanidation ya ƙunshi amfani da maganin cyanide don narkar da zinare daga ma'adinan. Wannan tsari yana aiki saboda zinare yana da ikon samar da hadaddun abubuwa masu ƙarfi tare da ions na cyanide. Wannan labarin ya zurfafa cikin tsarin cyanidation, tare da mai da hankali kan hanyar Percolation Cyanidation.

Fahimtar Cyanidation Gold Extraction

Ka'idar Cyanidation

Babban ka'idar cyanidation ya dogara ne akan amsawar zinari tare da cyanide a gaban oxygen. Lokacin da zinari ya shiga hulɗa da maganin cyanide kuma akwai iskar oxygen, wani sinadari yana faruwa. Ta hanyar wannan halayen, zinari yana oxidized kuma yana samar da hadaddun mai narkewa. Cyanide ions suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan tsari ta hanyar ɗaure tare da ions na zinariya, yana sa su narke a cikin bayani. Wannan solubility yana ba da damar rabuwa da zinari daga matrix na ma'adinai, wanda shine mataki na farko na cire zinariya daga danyen tama.

Babban Tsarin Cyanidation

Tsarin cyanidation yawanci ya ƙunshi matakai masu mahimmanci da yawa:

1. Shiri na Ma'adinai : Da farko ana niƙa ma'adinan a niƙa shi zuwa girman barbashi mai dacewa. Wannan matakin yana da mahimmanci domin yana ƙara girman saman ma'adinan, yana ba da damar yin hulɗa da mafi kyawun maganin cyanide. Tsarin na iya haɗawa da matakai da yawa na niƙawa da niƙa don cimma daidaiton da ake so.

2. Ruwan Cyanide : Bayan an shirya ma'adinan, ana zubar da shi da ruwan cyanide. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na zubar da shi, manyan nau'ikan guda biyu sune ruwan cyanide mai tayar da hankali da ruwan cyanide mai percolation. A cikin ruwan cyanide mai tayar da hankali, ana haɗa ma'adinan da ruwan cyanide a cikin tankunan da ke tayar da hankali. Ruwan cyanide mai percolation, wanda shine babban abin da wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali a kai, ya ƙunshi ruwan cyanide mai ratsawa ta cikin gadon ma'adinan.

3. Raba Zinariya - Maganin Haɗawa : Da zarar an kammala aikin cirewa, ana buƙatar raba maganin hana zubar da zinari da ragowar datti. Ana iya cimma wannan ta hanyar hanyoyi kamar tacewa ko lalatawa.

4. Mayar da Zinare : Bayan raba maganin da ke ɗauke da zinare, ana amfani da dabaru daban-daban don dawo da zinare daga gare shi. Hanyoyi da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da ruwan zinc, inda ake ƙara zinc a cikin maganin don kawar da zinare daga cikin hadaddun, yana samar da ƙwayoyin zinare masu ƙarfi. Wata hanyar kuma ita ce kunna shaƙar Carbon , inda ake amfani da Carbon da aka kunna don shaƙar hadadden zinare daga maganin, wanda daga nan ake sarrafa shi don samun zinare tsantsa.

Tsarin Cyanidation Percolation

Yadda Percolation Cyanidation ke Aiki

Percolation cyanidation wani tsari ne inda aka ba da izinin maganin cyanide na diluted ta cikin gadon da aka niƙa ko tama. Yawanci ana sanya ma'adinan a cikin babban akwati, kamar ma'adinan leaching ko tsibi. Ana rarraba maganin cyanide daidai gwargwado a saman saman gadon ma'adinan sannan a hankali ya gangara ta cikin takin saboda nauyi. Yayin da maganin ya ratsa cikin ma'adinan, cyanide yana amsawa tare da zinariya da ke cikin ma'adinan, yana samar da zinari mai narkewa - cyanide complex. Ana tattara wannan hadaddun a ƙasan akwati.

Mabuɗin Abubuwan da Matakai a cikin Percolation Cyanidation

1. Shiri na Ma'adinai don Rage ...

• Niƙawa da Tantancewa : Da farko ana niƙa ma'adinan zuwa girman barbashi mai kauri, yawanci tsakanin santimita kaɗan zuwa milimita kaɗan. Wannan don tabbatar da cewa akwai isasshen gurɓataccen wuri a cikin ma'adinan don ruwan cyanide ya ratsa ta. Bayan niƙawa, ana iya tace ma'adinan don cire duk wani barbashi mai girma.

• Haɗawa (Zaɓi) : A wasu lokuta, musamman ga ma'adanai masu yawan yumbu ko kayan da aka yi da siminti, haɗawa na iya zama dole. Haɗawa ya haɗa da ƙara wani abu mai ɗaurewa, kamar siminti ko lemun tsami, a cikin ma'adinan da kuma haɗa shi da ruwa. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi, inganta iskar da ke shiga cikin ma'adinan da kuma hana toshewar ramuka yayin aikin haƙa rami.

2. Saitin Tsaftacewa :

• Zubar da Tukunya ko Zubar da Tukunya :

• Tukwanen Ruwa : Ga ƙananan ayyuka ko ma'adanai masu inganci, ana amfani da tukwanen ruwa akai-akai. Waɗannan manyan kwantena ne masu layi inda ake sanya ma'adinan. Tukwanen suna da ƙasan ƙarya, wanda ke ba da damar ruwan cyanide ya taru a ƙarƙashin gadon ma'adinan ba tare da ɗaukar ƙwayoyin da ke da ƙarfi ba. Ana shigar da ruwan cyanide a saman ma'adinan, ko dai ta hanyar feshi ko kuma ta hanyar zuba shi a kan ma'adinan kawai.

• Zubar da Tarin Tari : Zubar da Tarin Tari ya fi dacewa da manyan ayyuka da ƙananan ma'adanai. A cikin zubar da Tarin Tari, ana tara ma'adinan a kan wani rufin da ba zai iya shiga ruwa ba a ƙasa. Tudun na iya zama babba, wani lokacin yana mamaye hekta da yawa. Maganin cyanide yana rarrabawa a kan tarin ta amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta feshi ko tsarin ban ruwa na ɗigon ruwa.

• Shirye-shiryen Maganin Cyanide : Maganin cyanide da ake amfani da shi wajen yin percolation cyanide yawanci maganin Sodium Cyanide ne mai narkewa ko potassium cyanide, tare da yawansa yawanci tsakanin 0.01% - 0.1% ta nauyi. Maganin kuma yana iya ƙunsar wasu ƙarin abubuwa, kamar lemun tsami, don daidaita pH na maganin. Kula da pH mai kyau yana da mahimmanci, domin yana shafar daidaiton cyanide da kuma saurin narkewar zinare. Mafi kyawun pH don cyanidation yawanci yana kusa da 10 - 11.

3. Rarrabawa da kuma fitar da ruwa :

• Rarraba Maganin : Maganin cyanide yana rarraba daidai a saman gadon ma'adinai. Idan ana amfani da kwalaben ruwa, ana iya cimma hakan ta hanyar amfani da bututu mai huda ko tsarin feshi. A lokacin da ake feshi ko kuma ana feshi ko kuma ana feshi, tsarin ban ruwa na droplets yana tabbatar da cewa maganin ya isa dukkan sassan tarin.

• Lokacin Zubar da Ruwa : Lokacin zubar da ruwa a cikin zubar da ruwa na iya bambanta sosai dangane da abubuwa kamar nau'in ma'adinai, girman barbashi, da yawan ruwan cyanide. Gabaɗaya, yana iya ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa zuwa makonni da yawa. A wannan lokacin, ruwan cyanide yana ci gaba da ratsawa cikin ma'adinan, yana amsawa da zinare kuma yana narkar da shi.

• Kulawa da Kulawa : A duk lokacin da ake fitar da ruwa daga famfo, yana da mahimmanci a sa ido kan sigogi daban-daban. Wannan ya haɗa da duba pH na ruwan akai-akai, yawan cyanide a cikin ruwan, da kuma adadin zinare da ke narkewa a cikin ruwan. Ana ɗaukar samfuran ruwan akai-akai kuma ana yin nazari a dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ana iya yin gyare-gyare ga pH ko yawan cyanide idan ya cancanta don inganta tsarin fitar da ruwa daga famfo.

4. Tarawa da Maganin Ciki :

• Tarawa : Maganin da ke ɗauke da zinare, wanda aka fi sani da maganin ciki, ana tattara shi a ƙasan magudanar ruwa ko kuma daga tsarin magudanar ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. A cikin magudanar ruwa, ana cire maganin ciki ta hanyar bawul a ƙasan ƙasan ƙarya. A cikin magudanar ruwa, ana tattara maganin a cikin magudanar ruwa ko tafkuna da ke ƙasan magudanar ruwa.

• Magani : Da zarar an tattara, ana yi wa mai ciki maganin don dawo da zinaren. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da hazo da kuma kunna carbon. A cikin hazo da zinc, ana ƙara ƙurar zinc ko aski na zinc a cikin maganin mai ciki. Zinc yana amsawa da hadadden zinare - cyanide, yana fitar da zinare kuma yana samar da ƙwayoyin zinare masu ƙarfi, waɗanda za a iya tace su sannan a ƙara sarrafa su. A cikin hazo da carbon da aka kunna, ana wuce maganin mai ciki ta cikin ginshiƙi da aka cika da carbon da aka kunna. Ana shafa hadadden zinare - cyanide a saman carbon, sannan a cire carbon daga ginshiƙin kuma a sarrafa shi don cire zinaren.

Abũbuwan amfãni da rashin amfani na Percolation Cyanidation

Abũbuwan amfãni

1. Dacewa da Ƙananan Ma'adanai : Tsabtace ƙasa, musamman matsewar tarin ma'adanai, yana da matuƙar tasiri wajen magance ƙananan ma'adanai na zinariya. Tunda tsarin yana da sauƙi kuma baya buƙatar kayan aiki masu yawa da tsada don sarrafa ma'adanai masu laushi, yana iya zama mai amfani ga tattalin arziki ga ma'adanai waɗanda ba za su sami riba ba don sarrafawa ta amfani da wasu hanyoyi masu rikitarwa.

2. Ƙarancin Jari da Kuɗin Aiki : Idan aka kwatanta da wasu hanyoyin fitar da zinare, kamar su hana ruwa shiga wanda ke buƙatar manyan tankunan tayar da hankali masu tsada da kuma yawan amfani da makamashi don haɗawa, hana ruwa shiga cikin ruwa yana da ƙarancin kuɗin jari. Kayan aikin da ake buƙata, kamar su cire kwalaben ruwa ko kayan gini masu yawa, ba su da arha sosai. Bugu da ƙari, farashin aiki kuma yana da ƙasa saboda yana cin ƙarancin makamashi kuma yana buƙatar ƙarancin aiki don aikin yau da kullun.

3. Fa'idodin Muhalli (Abin da ya fi dacewa) : Dangane da tasirin muhalli, cyanidation na percolation na iya samun wasu fa'idodi. Misali, a cikin zubar da tarin ma'adanai, ba a yin niƙa mai yawa a ma'adinan, wanda ke rage samar da ƙura mai laushi. Haka kuma, amfani da kwalaben leaching ko linings na tarin ma'adanai yana taimakawa wajen hana zubar da cyanide - wanda ke ɗauke da mafita a cikin muhalli. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura cewa cyanide har yanzu abu ne mai guba sosai, kuma ingantaccen kula da muhalli har yanzu yana da mahimmanci.

4. Tsarin Sauƙi : Tsarin yin amfani da cyanidation mai zurfi yana da sauƙi kuma mai sauƙin fahimta da aiki. Wannan yana sa ya zama mai sauƙin amfani ga ƙananan ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙwarewar fasaha.

disadvantages

1. Saurin Zubar da Ruwa a Hankali : Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da zubar da ruwa a haƙa rami shine saurin zubar da ruwa a haƙa rami. Idan aka kwatanta da rage fitar da ruwa a haƙa rami, inda ake ci gaba da haɗa ma'adinan da ruwan cyanide, tsarin zubar da ruwa ya dogara ne akan jinkirin motsi na ruwan ta cikin ma'adinan. Wannan na iya haifar da tsawan lokacin zubar da ruwa, wanda bazai dace da ayyukan da ke buƙatar babban aiki ko saurin juyawa ba.

2. Ragewar Mayar da Zinare a Wasu Lokuta : Yawan dawo da zinare a cikin sinadarin cyanidation na iya zama ƙasa da na sauran hanyoyi, musamman ga ma'adanai masu rikitarwa. Idan zinaren ya yaɗu sosai ko kuma an kulle shi a cikin wasu ma'adanai, maganin cyanide ba zai iya samun damar shiga dukkan ƙwayoyin zinare yadda ya kamata ba, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan dawowa.

3. Gubar Cyanide : Cyanide abu ne mai matuƙar guba, kuma amfani da shi wajen yin cyanidation a cikin percolation yana haifar da manyan haɗarin muhalli da aminci. Duk wani zubewa ko kuma rashin amfani da maganin da ke ɗauke da cyanide na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. Dole ne a bi ƙa'idodin tsaro masu tsauri da ƙa'idojin muhalli don rage waɗannan haɗarin.

4. Jin Daɗin Halayen Ma'adinai : Nasarar da aka samu daga sinadarin cyanidation ya dogara sosai akan halayen ma'adinan. Misali, ma'adanai masu yawan yumbu na iya haifar da matsala wajen shigar da sinadarin, wanda hakan ke haifar da rashin kwararar ruwan ma'adinai da kuma rashin fitar da sinadarin. Bugu da ƙari, ma'adanai masu ɗauke da wasu ma'adanai waɗanda za su iya amsawa da sinadarin cyanide, kamar ma'adanai masu ɗauke da jan ƙarfe, na iya cinye sinadarin cyanide kuma su rage tasirin aikin fitar da sinadarin.

Kwatanta da Sauran Hanyoyin Haƙon Zinare

Kwatanta da Agitation Cyanidation

1. Ingancin Leaching : Cyanidation na tashin hankali gabaɗaya yana da inganci mafi girma na leaching idan aka kwatanta da percolation cyanidation. A cikin tururi cyanidation, ci gaba da haɗa ma'adinan da maganin cyanide yana tabbatar da ingantacciyar hulɗa tsakanin su biyun, wanda ke haifar da narkewar zinare cikin sauri. Wannan na iya haifar da gajerun lokutan leaching da kuma ƙarin saurin dawo da zinare, musamman ga ma'adanai masu yawan zinare ko kuma hadaddun ma'adanai.

2. Kayan Aiki da Kuɗi : Tsarin rage hayaniya yana buƙatar kayan aiki masu rikitarwa da tsada, gami da manyan tankunan tayar da hankali, injuna masu ƙarfi don haɗawa, da tsarin famfo mai zurfi. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarin kuɗin jari. Sabanin haka, tsarin rage hayaniya yana buƙatar kayan aiki masu sauƙi, kamar su magudanar ruwa ko kayan gini na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ke sa ya fi inganci a fannin saka hannun jari. Duk da haka, farashin aiki na rage hayaniya ba lallai bane ya zama mafi girma, saboda gajerun lokutan cire hayaniya na iya rage yawan amfani da makamashi don haɗawa.

3. Dacewa da Nau'in Ma'adinai : Cyanidation mai tayar da hankali ya fi dacewa da ma'adanai waɗanda ke buƙatar niƙa mai kyau da sarrafawa mai zurfi, kamar sulfide - ma'adanai masu arzikin zinariya. Cyanidation mai raguwa, a gefe guda, ya fi dacewa da ma'adanai masu ƙarancin inganci, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin yanayi mai kauri.

Kwatanta da Hanyoyin Haɓakar Zinare marasa - Cyanide

1. Tasirin Muhalli : Hanyoyin cire zinare marasa cyanide, kamar su thiourea leaching ko bio-leaching, galibi ana ɗaukar su mafi dacewa ga muhalli saboda ba sa amfani da cyanide mai guba sosai. Duk da haka, waɗannan hanyoyin suna da nasu ƙalubalen muhalli. Misali, thiourea na iya zama illa ga muhalli idan ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba, kuma bio-leaching na iya buƙatar takamaiman yanayi na muhalli da tsawon lokacin sarrafawa. Percolation cyanidation, duk da amfani da cyanide, ana iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar da ta dace da muhalli tare da ingantaccen tsari da kuma maganin cyanide mai ɗauke da maganin.

2. Farashi da Inganci : Hanyoyin da ba na cyanide ba na iya samun farashi mai girma dangane da sinadaran reagents ko amfani da makamashi. Misali, thiourea ya fi cyanide tsada, kuma bio-leaching na iya buƙatar al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman da yanayin muhalli mai sarrafawa, wanda zai iya ƙara farashi. Dangane da inganci, cyanidation, gami da percolation cyanidation, gabaɗaya yana da mafi girman ƙimar dawo da zinare idan aka kwatanta da wasu hanyoyin da ba na cyanide ba, musamman ga ma'adanai na zinariya na gargajiya.

Kammalawa

Cyanidation Percolation hanya ce mai mahimmanci a cikin masana'antar hakar gwal, musamman don kula da ƙarancin ƙima da ma'adinan gwal. Sauƙin sa, ɗan ƙaramin farashi, da dacewa ga wasu nau'ikan ma'adanai sun sa ya zama tsari mai mahimmanci. Koyaya, ba tare da lahaninsa ba, kamar jinkirin leaching, yuwuwar ƙarancin dawo da gwal, da haɗarin muhalli da aminci da ke tattare da amfani da cyanide. Yayin da masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ke ci gaba da haɓakawa, ana ƙoƙarin inganta tsarin sinadarai na percolation, kamar ta hanyar ingantaccen sifa mai kyau, inganta sigogin tsari, da haɓaka hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da muhalli don sarrafa cyanide. Bugu da ƙari, bincike kan wasu hanyoyin haƙon zinare waɗanda za su iya shawo kan iyakokin cyanidation shima yana gudana. Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, yuwuwar cyanidation na percolation zai ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da zinare a nan gaba, musamman a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin albarkatun zinariya.