Sarrafa Yanayin Amsa a cikin Maganin Ruwan Sharar Cyanide

Gabatarwa

Cyanide - dauke da ruwa mai datti ana samar da shi daga hanyoyin masana'antu daban-daban kamar platin karfe, harsashin karfe - taurin, da tace tama na zinariya da azurfa. Saboda yawan guba na Cyanide, wanda zai iya zama kisa ga halittu masu rai ko da a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga, kulawa da kyau na irin wannan ruwan sha yana da matukar muhimmanci. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke da tasiri cyanide maganin ruwa shine madaidaicin iko na yanayin amsawa. Wannan labarin zai zurfafa cikin mahimman yanayin halayen halayen da yadda za a sarrafa su yayin jiyya cyanide - dauke da sharar gida.

Sarrafa pH

Muhimmanci a Tsarin Jiyya daban-daban

1.Tsarin chlorination na alkaline

• Alkaline chlorination hanya ce ta gama gari don maganin sharar ruwan cyanide, kuma sarrafa pH yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Maganin maganin yana faruwa a matakai biyu. A mataki na farko, cyanide yana oxidized zuwa cyanate ta sodium hypochlorite ko hade da chlorine gas da sodium hydroxide. Mafi kyawun kewayon pH don wannan matakin oxygenation na farko shine yawanci tsakanin 10 da 11. Idan pH yayi ƙasa da ƙasa, yana jujjuya acidic, abin da zai iya haifar da cyanogen chloride mai guba, wanda ke haifar da babban haɗari. Misali, lokacin da pH ya faɗi ƙasa da 8. wannan samfur mai cutarwa zai iya samuwa. A gefe guda, idan pH ya yi yawa, ƙimar amsawa zai ragu sosai. High pH dabi'u na iya shafar solubility da reactivity na reactants, yin hadawan abu da iskar shaka tsari kasa m.

2.Hanyar hydrogen peroxide

• A cikin hydrogen peroxide - tushen jiyya na cyanide ruwan sha, mafi kyawun pH kewayon yawanci yana tsakanin 9 da 11. A cikin wannan hanya, hydrogen peroxide ya bazu a gaban mai kara kuzari (kamar salts baƙin ƙarfe) don samar da radicals hydroxyl masu amsawa sosai waɗanda ke oxidize da cyanide. Matsakaicin pH a cikin wannan kewayon yana haɓaka bazuwar hydrogen peroxide da samuwar waɗannan radicals masu mahimmanci. Idan pH yana waje da wannan kewayon, za a hana bazuwar hydrogen peroxide, yana rage yawan ingancin iskar shaka.

3.Tsarin Halin Halitta

• Don biodegradation na cyanide - dauke da ruwa mai datti, inda kwayoyin halitta suka rushe cyanide zuwa abubuwa marasa lahani, pH yana buƙatar kiyayewa tsakanin 6.5 da 8.5. Microorganisms suna da mafi kyawun kewayon pH don ayyukansu na rayuwa. Idan pH ya yi yawa acidic ko alkaline, zai iya hana enzymes da ke cikin cyanide - lalata hanyoyin rayuwa na microorganisms. Misali, idan pH ya ragu a kasa 6.5. yawancin cyanide - ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata za su fuskanci raguwa a cikin girman girman su da kuma cyanide - iyawar ƙasƙanci.

Hanyoyi don Daidaita pH

Don sarrafa pH, an haɗa abubuwan acidic ko alkaline masu dacewa a cikin ruwan datti. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na yau da kullun sun haɗa da sulfuric acid da hydrochloric acid, yayin da alkalis na yau da kullun sune sodium hydroxide da calcium hydroxide. Ana ƙididdige adadin acid ko alkali da za a ƙara bisa ga pH na farko na ruwan sharar gida da kuma pH da aka yi niyya don takamaiman tsari na jiyya. Ana aiwatar da ma'aunin pH daidai ta amfani da na'urori masu auna firikwensin pH, kuma ana iya amfani da tsarin sayayya ta atomatik don ƙara abubuwan da ake buƙata daidai.

zazzabi Control

Tasiri akan Ma'auni

1.Alkalin Chlorination da Hanyoyin Hydrogen Peroxide

• Gabaɗaya, haɓakar zafin jiki na iya haɓaka ƙimar amsawa a cikin duka alkaline chlorination da kuma tushen jiyya na hydrogen peroxide. Koyaya, ana buƙatar sarrafa zafin jiki a hankali. A cikin chlorination na alkaline, kewayon zafin jiki mafi kyau shine kusan 20 - 30 ° C. Idan zafin jiki ya yi ƙasa sosai, ƙimar amsawar za ta kasance a hankali, wanda zai haifar da rashin iskar oxygenation na cyanide. Misali, a yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da 15 ° C, abin da ke tsakanin cyanide da sodium hypochlorite zai ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo sosai don isa ga ƙarshe. A gefe guda kuma, idan yanayin zafi ya yi yawa, a cikin yanayin alkaline chlorination, iskar chlorine na iya tserewa daga maganin, yana rage tasiri na wakili na oxidizing. A cikin hanyar hydrogen peroxide, yanayin zafi sama da 35 ° C na iya haifar da saurin bazuwar hydrogen peroxide, wanda zai haifar da samuwar iskar oxygen maimakon abubuwan da ake buƙata na hydroxyl radicals don cyanide oxidation.

2.Tsarin Halin Halitta

• A cikin biodegradation na cyanide - dauke da ruwa mai datti, mafi kyawun zafin jiki don yawancin cyanide - ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata shine 20 - 35 ° C. Yanayin zafi a waje da wannan kewayon na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta. A ƙananan zafin jiki (a ƙasa da 20 ° C), ƙimar rayuwa na ƙwayoyin cuta yana raguwa, kuma ƙila ba za su iya rushe cyanide yadda ya kamata ba. Babban yanayin zafi (sama da 35 ° C) na iya lalata membranes tantanin halitta da enzymes na microorganisms, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta da asarar cyanide su - iyawar wulakanci.

Dabarun Ka'idojin Zazzabi

Don kula da yanayin zafin da ya dace, ana iya shigar da tsarin dumama ko sanyaya a cikin ma'aunin sarrafa ruwan datti. Don dumama, ana iya amfani da tsarin dumama na tushen tururi ko na'urorin lantarki. A cikin sanyaya, ruwa - sanyaya masu musayar zafi ko iska - sanyaya na'urori masu sanyaya za a iya amfani da su. Ana ci gaba da lura da zafin jiki ta amfani da na'urori masu auna zafin jiki, kuma ana daidaita tsarin dumama ko sanyaya don kiyaye zafin jiki a cikin kewayon mafi kyawun tsarin jiyya.

Ikon Sashi na Oxidant

Ƙayyadaddun Adadin Dama

1.Clorination na alkaline

• A cikin alkaline chlorination, ana ƙididdige adadin oxidant (sodium hypochlorite ko chlorine gas) da ake buƙata bisa ga stoichiometry na amsawa tare da cyanide. A aikace, yawancin oxidant, yawanci 10 - 20% fiye da adadin ka'idar, yawanci ana ƙarawa. Wannan shi ne don tabbatar da cikakken oxidation na cyanide, kamar yadda za a iya samun wasu abubuwa a cikin ruwa mai tsabta wanda zai iya cinye oxidant. Idan adadin iskar oxygen ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, cyanide ba zai zama oxidized gabaɗaya ba, kuma ruwan sharar da aka yi da shi zai iya ƙunsar manyan matakan cyanide mai guba. A gefe guda, idan adadin ya yi yawa, ba kawai yana ƙara farashin magani ba amma kuma yana iya haifar da samuwar samfuran da ba'a so ta hanyar - samfuran, irin su lalatawar cutarwa ta - samfuran lokacin da chlorine mai yawa ya amsa da sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai datti.

2.Hanyar hydrogen peroxide

• A cikin hanyar maganin hydrogen peroxide, mafi kyawun adadin hydrogen peroxide an ƙaddara ta hanyar gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Matsakaicin adadin ya dogara da dalilai kamar ƙaddamarwar cyanide na farko a cikin ruwan sharar gida, kasancewar wasu abubuwa masu shiga tsakani, da nau'in mai haɓakawa da aka yi amfani da su. Hakazalika da alkaline chlorination, rashin isasshen adadin hydrogen peroxide zai haifar da rashin cikawar oxidation na cyanide. Duk da haka, yawan adadin hydrogen peroxide na iya haifar da rushewar radicals na hydroxyl da aka samar, rage yawan jiyya da kuma kara yawan farashi.

Kayan Aikin Kula da Sashi

Don sarrafa daidaitaccen adadin oxidant, ana amfani da famfunan awo fiye da kima. Waɗannan famfo na iya daidai isar da ƙarar da ake buƙata na maganin oxidant a cikin injin sarrafa ruwan sharar gida. Za'a iya haɗa tsarin sarrafawa ta atomatik tare da famfunan ƙididdigewa, wanda ke daidaita adadin bisa ga ainihin lokacin kulawa da ƙwayar cyanide a cikin ruwa mai tsabta ko ci gaba da haɓakar oxygenation (kamar ta hanyar ma'aunin ORP, wanda za'a tattauna daga baya).

Oxidation - Ikon Rage Mai yiwuwa (ORP).

Gudunmawar Sa Ido a Ci gaban Amsa

1.Clorination na alkaline

• A cikin tsarin chlorination na alkaline, saka idanu na ORP yana da mahimmanci don bin diddigin ci gaban halayen iskar oxygen. Kamar yadda oxidation na cyanide zuwa cyanate sa'an nan kuma ƙara oxidation na cyanate zuwa abubuwa marasa lahani suna faruwa, ƙimar ORP na ruwan datti ya canza. A lokacin matakin farko-oxidation na cyanide zuwa cyanate, ORP yawanci yana ƙaruwa. Maƙasudin ORP na wannan matakin yana kusa da 300 - 500 mV (dangane da takamaiman yanayin halayen). Lokacin da ORP ya kai ga wannan kewayon, yana nuna cewa matakin oxidation na farko ya kusa ƙarewa. A cikin na biyu - mataki hadawan abu da iskar shaka na cyanate zuwa abubuwa marasa lahani, ORP ya kara ƙaruwa, kuma maƙasudin kewayon yawanci kusan 600 - 700 mV. Ta hanyar saka idanu akan ORP, masu aiki zasu iya tantance lokacin da zasu daina ƙara oxidant, tabbatar da cewa abin ya ƙare ba tare da ƙare ba - oxidizing ruwan datti ko ɓarna oxidant.

2.Hanyar hydrogen peroxide

• A cikin tushen jiyya na hydrogen peroxide, ORP kuma yana aiki azaman mahimmin alamar ci gaba. Farkon ORP na cyanide - mai ɗauke da ruwan sha yana da ƙasa kaɗan. Yayin da aka ƙara hydrogen peroxide kuma haɓakar iskar oxygen ta ci gaba, ORP yana ƙaruwa. Maƙasudin kewayon ORP don maganin hydrogen peroxide na ruwan datti na cyanide gabaɗaya yana kusa da 400 - 500 mV. Lokacin da ORP ya kai wannan ƙimar, yana nuna cewa an yi amfani da cyanide yadda ya kamata zuwa wani nau'i mai guba.

Tsarin Kulawa da Kulawa na ORP

Ana amfani da na'urori masu auna firikwensin ORP don ci gaba da lura da ƙimar ORP na ruwan sharar gida a cikin injin jiyya. Waɗannan na'urori masu auna firikwensin an haɗa su da tsarin sarrafawa wanda za'a iya tsara shi don daidaita ƙari na oxidant. Misali, idan ORP yana ƙasa da kewayon da aka yi niyya, tsarin sarrafawa na iya ƙara yawan adadin iskar oxygen (kamar hydrogen peroxide ko sodium hypochlorite) da ake ƙarawa cikin ruwan sharar gida. Sabanin haka, idan ORP ya wuce kewayon manufa, tsarin sarrafawa zai iya ragewa ko dakatar da ƙari na oxidant.

Kammalawa

Sarrafa yanayin amsawa a cikin sharar ruwan cyanide yana da mahimmanci don samun ingantaccen magani mai aminci na wannan ruwan datti mai guba. Daidaitaccen kula da pH, zafin jiki, oxidant sashi, da ORP na iya tabbatar da cewa tsarin jiyya yadda ya kamata ya canza cyanide zuwa ƙananan abubuwa masu guba ko marasa guba. Ta hanyar kula da waɗannan yanayin a hankali, masana'antu ba za su iya cika ƙa'idodin muhalli kawai ba amma har ma suna haɓaka farashi - tasirin aikin aikin jiyya na cyanide. Kulawa na yau da kullun da daidaitawa na waɗannan sigogi suna da mahimmanci don dacewa da bambance-bambance a cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da ruwa da yanayin aikin shukar magani.