Kusamalira Moyenera Zinyalala Zokhala ndi Cyanide Pogwiritsira Ntchito Sodium Cyanide

Introduction

Sodium Cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana monga migodi, electroplating, ndi kupanga mankhwala chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zapadera za mankhwala. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito Sodium cyanide mosakayikira kumabweretsa zinyalala zokhala ndi cyanide , zomwe zimawopseza kwambiri thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe ngati sizigwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri ndipo imatha kuvulaza kwambiri zamoyo ngakhale pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zothetsera zinyalalazi.

Zowopsa za Zinyalala Zokhala ndi Cyanide

Poizoni kwa Anthu

Cyanide imatha kulowa m'thupi la munthu kudzera mu mpweya, kumeza, kapena kukhudza khungu. Ikalowa m'thupi, imatha kumangirira ku cytochrome oxidase m'maselo, kuletsa kupuma kwa ma cell ndikupangitsa kuti minofu hypoxia. Pazovuta kwambiri, zimatha kufa mwachangu. Ngakhale kutsika pang'ono kwa nthawi yayitali kungayambitse zizindikiro monga mutu, chizungulire, kufooka, ndipo nthawi zina, matenda aakulu.

Kukhudza Zamoyo Zam'madzi

Cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri ku zamoyo zam'madzi. Ngakhale pazigawo zotsika kwambiri, zimatha kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito achilengedwe a nsomba, zamoyo zopanda msana, ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi. Zimakhudza kupuma, kukula, kubereka, ndi chitetezo cha mthupi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuchuluka kwa cyanide ion ndi 0.02 - 1.0 mg/L (mkati mwa maola 24), nsomba zimatha kufa. Cyanide imathanso kuwononga zachilengedwe zam'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali pochepetsa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana komanso kusokoneza chakudya.

Zotsatira pa Zomera

Zomera zikakumana ndi cyanide - zomwe zili ndi zinyalala, zitha kukhala ndi vuto pakukula ndi kukula kwawo. Kuchuluka kwa cyanide kumatha kulepheretsa kukula kwa mizu, kuchepetsa kuyamwa kwa michere, ndikusokoneza photosynthesis. Kumadera aulimi, izi zitha kupangitsa kuti zokolola zichepe komanso kuti zikhale zabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi otayira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthirira amatha kuyipitsa nthaka, kusokoneza nthaka komanso kukula kwa mbewu zotsatira.

Njira Zochizira Zinyalala Zokhala ndi Cyanide

Njira ya Alkaline Chlorination

Mfundo : Njirayi imasintha pH ya madzi otayira okhala ndi cyanide kukhala 8.5 - 9 kenako imawonjezera ma oxidants okhala ndi chlorine. Ma oxidants okhala ndi chlorine, monga bleach (makamaka NaClO) kapena mpweya wa chlorine (Cl₂, womwe umasungunuka m'madzi kuti upange HClO), amachitapo kanthu ndi ma ion a cyanide (CN⁻). Mu gawo loyamba, cyanide imasinthidwa kukhala cyanate (CNO⁻), yomwe ndi yopanda poizoni kwambiri. Kusungunuka kwina kumatha kusintha cyanate kukhala Carbon dioxide (CO₂) ndi nayitrogeni (N₂). Machitidwe a mankhwala amatha kufotokozedwa motere:

CN⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ + 2H⁺

2CNO⁻ + 3ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂ + N₂ + 3Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

Ubwino ndi Kuipa : Njira ya alkaline chlorination ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Imatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayidwa mpaka kufika pamlingo wotsika. Komabe, ndiyoyenera kwambiri pochiza madzi otayidwa ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa cyanide. Ngati kuchuluka kwa cyanide kuli kokwera kwambiri, padzafunika ma oxidant ambiri ochokera ku chlorine, zomwe zingawonjezere mtengo wochizira ndikupanga zinthu zina zoipitsa.

Pressurizing Hydrolysis Njira

Mfundo : Mu njira iyi, madzi otayira okhala ndi cyanide amaikidwa mu chidebe chotsekedwa. Alkali imawonjezedwa, kenako madzi otayira amatenthedwa ndikukakamizidwa. Pansi pa izi, cyanide imakumana ndi ma hydrolysis reactions. Ma ioni a cyanide amachitapo kanthu ndi mamolekyu amadzi kuti apange sodium formate (HCOONa) yopanda poizoni ndi ammonia (NH₃). Equation ya chemical reaction ndi iyi:

CN⁻ + 2H₂O → HCOO⁻ + NH₃

Ubwino ndi Kuipa : Njira yogwiritsira ntchito hydrolysis yokakamiza imakhala ndi njira zambiri zosinthira kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayira. Imathanso kuthana ndi mankhwala ovuta a cyanide. Ntchitoyi ndi yosavuta pankhani ya momwe zinthu zimachitikira. Komabe, njira iyi imafuna zida zapadera zogwiritsira ntchito pressurization ndi kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yonse ikhale yovuta. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida ndizokwera kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zochizira.

Njira ya Acidized

Mfundo : Mu njira yokhala ndi asidi, sulfuric acid imawonjezeredwa ku madzi otayira omwe ali ndi cyanide kuti isinthe pH kukhala 2 - 3. Mu mkhalidwe wa asidi, cyanide m'madzi otayira imachitapo kanthu ndikupanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Popeza kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi kochepa, ndipo pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya kuthamanga kwa mpweya, mpweya umadutsa m'madzi otayira kuti utulutse mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide. Mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide womwe umatulutsidwa ukhoza kulowetsedwa mu yankho la alkali kuti libwezeretsedwenso. Yankho lalikulu la mankhwala ndi:

CN⁻ + H⁺ → HCN↑

Ubwino ndi Kuipa : Chimodzi mwa ubwino wa njira iyi ndichakuti ikhoza kubwezeretsa Sodium Cyanide , yomwe ili ndi phindu linalake lazachuma. Komabe, njira iyi imafuna kuwongolera kwambiri momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito. Mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi woopsa kwambiri, ndipo kutayikira kulikonse panthawiyi kumatha kubweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu. Chifukwa chake, njira zodzitetezera zapamwamba komanso kutseka zida ndizofunikira.

Njira Zochiritsira Zachilengedwe

Mfundo : Tizilombo tina timene timatha kuwononga cyanide. Mu njira zamoyo zochizira, mabakiteriya kapena bowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwononga cyanide m'zinyalala. Tizilomboti timagwiritsa ntchito cyanide ngati gwero la kaboni kapena nayitrogeni kudzera mu zochita zingapo za enzymatic, ndikusandutsa zinthu zopanda poizoni monga carbon dioxide, madzi, ndi ammonia. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya ena omwe amawononga cyanide amatha kuswa cyanide kukhala mankhwala osavulaza kwambiri kudzera munjira za kagayidwe kachakudya.

Ubwino ndi Kuipa : Njira zochizira matenda achilengedwe ndi zabwino kwa chilengedwe chifukwa sizimayambitsa mankhwala ambiri. Zitha kukhala zotsika mtengo pochiza zinyalala zambiri, zokhala ndi cyanide yochepa. Komabe, chithandizo chachilengedwe chimadalira kwambiri momwe chilengedwe chilili monga kutentha, pH, ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zina. Ngati zinthu sizili bwino, ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda idzalepheretsedwa, zomwe zimakhudza momwe chithandizocho chimakhudzira. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yochizira ikhoza kukhala yocheperako poyerekeza ndi njira zina zamankhwala.

Olimba - Phase Chithandizo cha Cyanide - Muli Zinyalala

Kwa cyanide yolimba - yokhala ndi zinyalala, monga zotsalira za migodi kapena zotsalira za mafakitale, njira zochizira ndizofunikanso. Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino ndiyo kutsekereza cyanide mu zinyalala zolimba. Izi zitha kutheka powonjezera zinthu zina zomangira kapena zokhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera simenti kapena laimu ku zinyalala kungathe kupanga matrix olimba omwe amakuta cyanide, kuchepetsa mphamvu yake yotuluka. Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangira mankhwala kuti agwirizane ndi cyanide mu zinyalala zolimba, kuwasandutsa mankhwala osasungunuka kapena poizoni.

Zofunikira Zowongolera ndi Kuganizira Zachitetezo

Zofunikira pakuwongolera

M'mayiko ambiri ndi zigawo, pali malamulo okhwima okhudza chithandizo ndi kutaya cyanide - munali zinyalala. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) lakhazikitsa malire enieni a kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi akumwa (0.05 mg/L) ndi madzi achilengedwe (0.20 mg/L). M'madzi otayira m'mafakitale, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa cyanide kumayendetsedwanso, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 0.50 mg/L. Makampani omwe amapanga cyanide - okhala ndi zinyalala amayenera kutsatira malamulowa. Ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zochizira kuti awonetsetse kuti madzi otayira otayidwa kapena otayidwa - zinyalala zikukwaniritsa zomwe zanenedwa. Kukanika kutsatira kungabweretse zilango zowopsa, kuphatikiza chindapusa komanso kuyimitsidwa kwantchito.

Zilingaliro Za Chitetezo

Pogwira cyanide - yokhala ndi zinyalala, chitetezo chimayenera kukhala chofunikira kwambiri nthawi zonse. Ogwira ntchito omwe akukhudzidwa ndi chithandizochi ayenera kukhala ndi zida zoyenera zodzitetezera (PPE). Izi zikuphatikizapo zopumira zonse kumaso kuti mupewe kutulutsa mpweya wapoizoni wa cyanide, suti zolimbana ndi mankhwala zoteteza khungu kuti lisakhudzidwe ndi cyanide - okhala ndi zinthu, magolovesi amphira, ndi nsapato za labala. Kuonjezera apo, malo ogwirira ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino kuti achepetse kudzikundikira kwa mpweya wokhudzana ndi cyanide. Maphunziro okhudzana ndi chitetezo amayenera kuperekedwa kwa ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse kuti awonetsetse kuti akudziwa bwino za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, njira zoyankhira mwadzidzidzi pakatayika kapena kutayikira, komanso kuopsa kwa cyanide.

Kutsiliza

Kusamalira bwino zinyalala zokhala ndi cyanide zomwe zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide ndikofunikira kwambiri poteteza thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe. Mwa kumvetsetsa zoopsa za zinyalalazi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zochizira monga alkaline chlorination, pressurizing hydrolysis, njira yokhala ndi acid, kapena chithandizo chachilengedwe, titha kuchepetsa bwino zoopsa zokhudzana ndi cyanide. Kutsatira malamulo ndi kuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo chilipo mu njira yochizira ndi njira zofunika kwambiri poyang'anira zinyalala zokhala ndi cyanide. Kafukufuku wopitilira ndi chitukuko m'derali amafunika kuti akonze ukadaulo wochizira, kuti ukhale wogwira ntchito bwino, wotchipa, komanso wochezeka ndi chilengedwe.