Cyanidation Gold M'zigawo: A kuganizira Percolation Cyanidation Njira

Introduction

Golide wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mbiri yonse ya anthu, osati kokha chifukwa chogwiritsidwa ntchito mu zodzikongoletsera komanso m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana monga zamagetsi, mano, ndi ndege. Kuchotsa golide kuchokera m'miyala yake ndi njira yovuta, ndipo cyanidation ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Cyanidation Kuchotsa golide kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira za cyanide kuti asungunule golide kuchokera m'miyala. Njirayi imagwira ntchito chifukwa golide ali ndi mphamvu zopanga zinthu zokhazikika ndi ma ayoni a cyanide. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mozama za njira ya cyanidation, makamaka njira ya Percolation Cyanidation.

Kumvetsetsa Cyanidation Gold Extraction

Mfundo ya Cyanidation

Mfundo yofunikira ya cyanidation imachokera pa zomwe golide amachita ndi cyanide pamaso pa mpweya. Golidi akakumana ndi mankhwala a cyanide ndipo pali mpweya wopezeka, kusintha kwamankhwala kumachitika. Kupyolera mu izi, golidi amapangidwa ndi okosijeni ndikupanga zovuta zosungunuka. Ma cyanide ions amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pomanga ndi ayoni agolide, kuwapangitsa kusungunuka mu yankho. Kusungunuka kumeneku kumapangitsa kulekanitsidwa kwa golide ku matrix ore, yomwe ndi sitepe yoyamba pochotsa golide ku miyala yaiwisi.

General Njira ya Cyanidation

Njira ya cyanidation imakhala ndi njira zingapo zofunika:

1. Kukonzekera kwa Matope : Choyamba, miyala yamtengo wapatali imaphwanyidwa ndi kuphwanyidwa kukhala tinthu toyenera. Gawoli ndi lofunika kwambiri chifukwa limawonjezera malo pamwamba pa miyala yamtengo wapatali, zomwe zimathandiza kuti igwirizane bwino ndi yankho la cyanide. Njirayi ingakhale ndi magawo angapo ophwanyidwa ndi kuphwanyidwa kuti ifike pamlingo woyenera.

2. Kuchotsa Cyanide : Mchere ukakonzedwa, umachotsedwa ndi yankho la cyanide. Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsera, ndipo mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ndi agitation cyanidation ndi percolation cyanidation. Mu agitation cyanidation, mchere umasakanizidwa ndi yankho la cyanide m'matanki ogwedezeka. Percolation cyanidation, yomwe ndi nkhani yaikulu m'nkhaniyi, imaphatikizapo yankho la cyanide lomwe limadutsa m'matanthwe a miyala.

3. Kulekanitsa Golide ndi Njira Yopangira Zinthu : Njira yochotsera zinthu ikatha, njira yochotsera zinthu yagolide iyenera kulekanitsidwa ndi zotsalira zolimba. Izi zitha kuchitika kudzera m'njira monga kusefa kapena kuyika zinthu m'matope.

4. Kubwezeretsa Golide : Pambuyo polekanitsa yankho la golide, njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobwezeretsa golide kuchokera mmenemo. Njira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kupopera kwa zinc, komwe zinc imawonjezeredwa ku yankho kuti ichotse golide kuchokera mu chogwiriracho, ndikupanga tinthu tagolide tolimba. Njira ina ndi kulowetsa kaboni , komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa golide kuchokera mu chogwiriracho, chomwe chimakonzedwanso kuti chipeze golide weniweni.

Percolation Cyanidation Njira

Momwe Percolation Cyanidation Imagwirira Ntchito

Percolation cyanidation ndi njira yomwe njira yochepetsera ya cyanide imaloledwa kuphulika pabedi la ore wosweka kapena agglomerated. Mwala nthawi zambiri amaikidwa m'chidebe chachikulu, monga poto kapena mulu. Njira ya cyanide imagawidwa mofanana pamwamba pa bedi la ore ndiyeno imatsika pang'onopang'ono kudutsa muzitsulo chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka. Pamene yankho likudutsa mu ore, cyanide imakhudzidwa ndi golide yomwe ilipo mu ore, kupanga golide wosungunuka - cyanide complex. Izi zovuta zimasonkhanitsidwa pansi pa chidebecho.

Zigawo Zofunikira ndi Masitepe pa Percolation Cyanidation

1. Kukonzekera kwa Mafuta Opangira Mafuta Opaka ...

• Kuphwanya ndi Kuwunika : Mcherewu umaphwanyidwa koyamba mpaka kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, nthawi zambiri kuyambira masentimita angapo mpaka mamilimita angapo. Izi ndi kuonetsetsa kuti pali malo okwanira m'dothi kuti mankhwala a cyanide alowemo. Pambuyo powuphwanya, mcherewu ukhoza kuunikiridwa kuti uchotse tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe takula kwambiri.

• Kusonkhana (Zosankha) : Nthawi zina, makamaka pa miyala yokhala ndi dongo lochuluka kapena zinthu zazing'ono, kusonkhana kungakhale kofunikira. Kusonkhana kumaphatikizapo kuwonjezera chinthu chomangirira, monga simenti kapena laimu, ku miyalayo ndikusakaniza ndi madzi. Izi zimathandiza kupanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala tolimba, kukonza kulowera kwa miyalayo komanso kupewa kutsekeka kwa ma pores panthawi yozungulira.

2. Kukhazikitsa Kutulutsa Madzi :

• Kutulutsa Ma Vat kapena Kutulutsa Ma Heap :

• Ma Vat Ochotsa Madzi : Pa ntchito zazing'ono kapena zapamwamba, ma vat ochotsa madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Izi ndi zidebe zazikulu zokhala ndi mipanda pomwe miyala imayikidwa. Ma vat ali ndi pansi pake, zomwe zimathandiza kuti yankho la cyanide lizisonkhana pansi pa bedi la miyala popanda kunyamula tinthu tolimba. Yankho la cyanide limayikidwa pamwamba pa thanki, kaya kudzera mu njira yopopera kapena kungolithira pamwamba pa miyala.

• Kuchotsa Miyala Yochuluka : Kuchotsa miyala yochuluka ndi koyenera kwambiri pa ntchito zazikulu komanso miyala yotsika. Pochotsa miyala yochuluka, miyalayo imayikidwa pa chidebe chosalowa madzi pansi. Miyalayo imatha kukhala yayikulu kwambiri, nthawi zina imaphimba mahekitala angapo. Yankho la cyanide limagawidwa pa miyalayo pogwiritsa ntchito netiweki ya ma sprinkler kapena njira zothirira madzi.

• Kukonzekera kwa Mankhwala a Cyanide : Mankhwala a cyanide omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza cyanidation nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi Sodium Cyanide kapena potassium cyanide yochepetsedwa, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa 0.01% - 0.1% ndi kulemera. Mankhwalawa amathanso kukhala ndi zowonjezera zina, monga laimu, kuti asinthe pH ya yankho. Kusunga pH yoyenera ndikofunikira, chifukwa kumakhudza kukhazikika kwa cyanide ndi kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa golide. pH yabwino kwambiri ya cyanidation nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupifupi 10 - 11.

3. Kutulutsa ndi Kutulutsa :

• Kugawa Mayankho : Yankho la cyanide limagawidwa mofanana pamwamba pa denga la miyala. Pankhani ya mavati otulutsa madzi, izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito chitoliro chobowoka kapena njira yopopera madzi. Pakutulutsa madzi ochulukirapo, ma sprinkler kapena makina othirira madzi amaonetsetsa kuti yankholo likufikira mbali zonse za muluwo.

• Nthawi Yotulutsa : Nthawi yotulutsa mchere mu percolation cyanidation imatha kusiyana kwambiri kutengera zinthu monga mtundu wa miyala, kukula kwa tinthu, ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide solution. Nthawi zambiri, imatha kuyambira masiku angapo mpaka masabata angapo. Panthawiyi, cyanide solution imadutsa mu miyala mosalekeza, n’kuchitapo kanthu ndi golide ndikuisungunula.

• Kuyang'anira ndi Kulamulira : Pa nthawi yonse yochotsa madzi m'thupi, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira magawo osiyanasiyana. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuyang'ana pafupipafupi pH ya yankho, kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu yankho, ndi kuchuluka kwa golide wosungunuka mu yankho. Zitsanzo za yankho zimatengedwa nthawi ndi nthawi ndikuwunikidwa mu labotale. Kusintha kungapangidwe ku pH kapena kuchuluka kwa cyanide ngati kuli kofunikira kuti njira yochotsera madzi igwire bwino ntchito.

4. Kusonkhanitsa ndi Kuchiza Mankhwala Oletsa Mimba :

• Kusonkhanitsa : Yankho lagolide, lomwe limadziwikanso kuti yankho lokhala ndi pakati, limasonkhanitsidwa pansi pa chidebe chochotsera madzi kapena kuchokera ku njira yotulutsira madzi m'chidebe chochotsera madzi. Mu zidebe zochotsera madzi, yankho lokhala ndi pakati limatengedwa kudzera mu valavu pansi pa pansi pake. Mu chidebe chochotsera madzi m'chidebe, yankho limasonkhanitsidwa m'madzi osungira madzi kapena m'madziwe omwe ali pansi pa chidebecho.

• Chithandizo : Akangosonkhanitsa, mankhwala oletsa kutupa amachiritsidwa kuti apezenso golide. Monga tanenera kale, njira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kupopera kwa zinc ndi kupopera kwa kaboni woyambitsa. Mu kupopera kwa zinc, fumbi la zinc kapena zinc shavings zimawonjezeredwa ku mankhwala oletsa kutupa. Zinc imagwira ntchito ndi golide-cyanide complex, ndikuchotsa golide ndikupanga tinthu tagolide tolimba, zomwe zimatha kusefedwa ndikukonzedwanso. Mu kupopera kwa kaboni woyambitsa, mankhwala oletsa kutupa amadutsa mu mzere wodzazidwa ndi kaboni woyambitsa. Mankhwala oletsa kutupa a golide-cyanide amaikidwa pamwamba pa kaboni, ndipo kaboni amachotsedwa mu mzere ndikukonzedwa kuti atulutse golide.

Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwa Percolation Cyanidation

ubwino

1. Kuyenera kwa Ma Ore Otsika : Kuchotsa mchere m'nthaka, makamaka kuyeretsa golide m'nthaka, kumathandiza kwambiri pochiza miyala yamtengo wapatali yagolide. Popeza njira imeneyi ndi yosavuta ndipo siifuna kupukutidwa kwambiri komanso zida zodula kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza miyala yamtengo wapatali, ikhoza kukhala yothandiza kwambiri kwa miyala yomwe singakhale yopindulitsa kuikonza pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina zovuta kwambiri.

2. Ndalama Zotsika ndi Zogwiritsa Ntchito : Poyerekeza ndi njira zina zochotsera golide, monga kusakaniza golide mopanda mphamvu zomwe zimafuna matanki akuluakulu okwera mtengo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri posakaniza, kusakaniza golide mopanda mphamvu kumakhala ndi ndalama zochepa zogwiritsira ntchito. Zipangizo zofunika, monga ma leaching vats kapena zipangizo zomangira zosavuta, ndizotsika mtengo. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama zogwirira ntchito nazonso ndizotsika chifukwa zimadya mphamvu zochepa ndipo zimafuna antchito ochepa pa ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku.

3. Ubwino wa Zachilengedwe (Mofanana) : Ponena za kuwononga chilengedwe, kuwononga kwa mchere m'nthaka kungakhale ndi ubwino wina. Mwachitsanzo, pochotsa mchere m'nthaka, miyalayo siiphwanyidwa kwambiri, zomwe zimachepetsa kupanga fumbi laling'ono. Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito mavati ochotsa mchere m'nthaka kapena ma heap liners kumathandiza kupewa kutuluka kwa cyanide - njira zomwe zili ndi mankhwala m'nthaka. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti cyanide ikadali chinthu chakupha kwambiri, ndipo kuyang'anira bwino zachilengedwe ndikofunikirabe.

4. Njira Yosavuta : Njira yopangira percolation cyanidation ndi yosavuta kumva komanso yogwira ntchito. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yotheka kwa ogwira ntchito zamigodi ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi luso lochepa.

kuipa

1. Kuchuluka kwa Kutulutsa Madzi Pang'onopang'ono : Chimodzi mwa zovuta zazikulu za kusungunuka kwa mchere m'nthaka ndi kuchepa kwa kusungunuka kwa mchere m'nthaka. Poyerekeza ndi kusungunuka kwa mchere m'nthaka, komwe mchere umasakanikirana nthawi zonse ndi yankho la cyanide, njira yotulutsira madzi m'nthaka imadalira kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa yankho kudzera mu bedi la miyala. Izi zingapangitse kuti madzi azituluka nthawi yayitali, zomwe sizingakhale zoyenera ntchito zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zambiri kapena kusintha mwachangu.

2. Kubwezeretsa Golide Wochepa Nthawi Zina : Kuchuluka kwa kubwezeretsanso golide mu kusungunuka kwa mchere kungakhale kotsika kuposa njira zina, makamaka kwa miyala yokhala ndi mineralology yovuta. Ngati golideyo wafalikira bwino kapena kutsekedwa mkati mwa mchere wina, yankho la cyanide silingathe kupeza tinthu tonse ta golide bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kubwezeretsanso kukhale kotsika.

3. Kuopsa kwa Cyanide : Cyanide ndi chinthu choopsa kwambiri, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake poyambitsa cyanidation kumabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu zachilengedwe komanso chitetezo. Kutayikira kulikonse kapena kusagwiritsa ntchito bwino njira zotulutsira cyanide - zomwe zili ndi cyanide - kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pa chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu. Njira zodzitetezera mwamphamvu komanso malamulo azachilengedwe ziyenera kutsatiridwa kuti zichepetse zoopsazi.

4. Kuzindikira Zinthu za Matanthwe : Kupambana kwa kupangika kwa cyanidation kumadalira kwambiri zinthu za miyala. Mwachitsanzo, miyala yokhala ndi dongo lochuluka ingayambitse mavuto ndi kulowa kwa bedi la miyala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi asayende bwino komanso kuti madzi asatuluke bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, miyala yokhala ndi mchere wina womwe ungagwirizane ndi cyanide, monga mchere wokhala ndi mkuwa, imatha kudya cyanide ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya njira yotulutsira.

Kuyerekeza ndi Njira Zina Zochotsera Golide

Kuyerekeza ndi Agitation Cyanidation

1. Kugwira Ntchito Mwachangu : Kugwira ntchito mwanzeru kwa mchere nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi mphamvu yochuluka yogwira ntchito poyerekeza ndi kugwira ntchito mwanzeru kwa mchere. Mu kugwira ntchito mwanzeru kwa mchere, kusakaniza kosalekeza kwa mchere ndi njira ya mchere wa mchere kumapangitsa kuti zinthu ziwirizi zigwirizane bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti golide asungunuke mofulumira. Izi zingayambitse nthawi yochepa yogwira ntchito komanso kuchuluka kwa golide wobwezeredwa, makamaka kwa miyala yokhala ndi golide wambiri kapena mineralology yovuta.

2. Zipangizo ndi Mtengo : Kusakaniza kwa mpweya woipa kumafuna zida zovuta komanso zodula, kuphatikizapo matanki akuluakulu osakaniza, ma mota amphamvu osakaniza, ndi makina apamwamba opopera madzi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zambiri zikwere. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusakaniza kwa mpweya woipa woipa kumafuna zida zosavuta, monga ma leaching vats kapena zipangizo zomangira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalamazo zikhale zotsika mtengo kwambiri pankhani ya ndalama zoyambira. Komabe, ndalama zogwirira ntchito za kusakaniza kwa mpweya woipa sizingakhale zokwera kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi yochepa yogwiritsira ntchito madzi ingathandize kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri posakaniza.

3. Kuyenerera Mitundu ya Matanthwe : Kusakaniza kwa mchere wosakanikirana ndi koyenera kwambiri pa miyala yomwe imafuna kupukutidwa bwino komanso kukonzedwa mwamphamvu, monga miyala yagolide yolemera ndi sulfide. Kumbali ina, kusakaniza kwa mchere wosungunuka ndi koyenera kwambiri pa miyala yotsika, yosungunuka yomwe ingakonzedwe bwino ikadali yolimba.

Poyerekeza ndi Non - Cyanide Gold M'zigawo Njira

1. Zotsatira Zachilengedwe : Njira zochotsera golide zopanda cyanide, monga thiourea leaching kapena bio-leaching, nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa kuti ndi zabwino kwambiri pa chilengedwe chifukwa sizigwiritsa ntchito cyanide yoopsa kwambiri. Komabe, njirazi zilinso ndi mavuto ake pa chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, thiourea ikhoza kukhala yovulaza chilengedwe ngati siyang'aniridwa bwino, ndipo bio-leaching ingafunike mikhalidwe inayake yachilengedwe komanso nthawi yayitali yokonza. Kuchotsa cyanide m'madzi, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide, kumatha kuyendetsedwa mwanzeru pa chilengedwe ndi kuletsa bwino ndi kuchiza njira zomwe zili ndi cyanide.

2. Mtengo ndi Kugwira Ntchito Bwino : Njira zopanda cyanide zitha kukhala ndi mtengo wokwera pankhani ya ma reagents kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, thiourea ndi yokwera mtengo kuposa cyanide, ndipo bio-leaching ingafunike kubzala tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso malo owongolera zachilengedwe, zomwe zitha kuwonjezera ndalama. Ponena za magwiridwe antchito, cyanidation, kuphatikiza percolation cyanidation, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi chiwongola dzanja chochuluka chobwezeretsa golide poyerekeza ndi njira zina zopanda cyanide, makamaka pa miyala yachikhalidwe yagolide.

Kutsiliza

Percolation cyanidation ndi njira yofunika kwambiri pamakampani ochotsa golide, makamaka pochiza golide wocheperako komanso oxidized. Kuphweka kwake, kutsika mtengo, ndi kuyenera kwa mitundu ina ya miyala kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunikira. Komabe, sizopanda zovuta zake, monga kutsika pang'onopang'ono, kutsika kwa golide, komanso kuopsa kwa chilengedwe ndi chitetezo chokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide. Pamene ntchito ya migodi ikupitabe patsogolo, kuyesetsa kupititsa patsogolo njira ya percolation cyanidation, monga kuzindikiritsa bwino miyala ya miyala, kukhathamiritsa kwa magawo a ndondomeko, ndi chitukuko cha njira zogwirira ntchito komanso zachilengedwe zoyendetsera cyanide. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wa njira zina zochotsera golide zomwe zimatha kuthana ndi malire a cyanidation akupitilirabe. Ngakhale zovuta izi, percolation cyanidation ipitiliza kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakupanga golide mtsogolo mowoneratu, makamaka m'magawo omwe ali ndi golide wambiri wocheperako.