Umehluko Phakathi Kwe-Sodium Ferrocyanide ne-Sodium Cyanide

Emkhakheni we-chemistry, I-Sodium Ferrocyanide futhi I-Sodium Cyanide yizinhlanganisela ezimbili okuthi, naphezu kokwabelana ngezinto ezithile zokuqamba, ezinezici ezihlukile. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kubalulekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusezimbonini, ucwaningo lwesayensi, noma ukucatshangelwa kokuphepha.

Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali kanye Namafomula

I-Sodium Ferroi-cyanide

I-sodium ferrocyanide inefomula yamakhemikhali ethi Na₄Fe(CN)₆. Iqukethe i-athomu yensimbi emaphakathi (Fe) ehlanganiswe nama-ligand ayisithupha e-cyanide (CN), nama-ion amane e-sodium (Na⁺) abhalansisa ukushajwa okunegethivu kukonke kwe-anion eyinkimbinkimbi [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻. Ngendlela yayo enamanzi amaningi, ngokuvamile ivela njenge-Na₄Fe(CN)₆·10H₂O. Lokhu kuhlanganisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kunikeza i-sodium ferrocyanide izici eziyingqayizivele zamakhemikhali nezomzimba.

I-Sodium Cyanide

I-sodium cyanide, enefomula i-NaCN, iyinhlanganisela ye-ionic elula kakhulu. Iqukethe i-sodium ion (Na⁺) ne-cyanide ion (CN⁻). I-cyanide ion iwuhlobo olusebenza kakhulu, oluneqhaza elikhulu ekwakhekeni kwenhlanganisela, ikakhulukazi ubuthi bayo.

Izakhiwo

ukubukeka

I-sodium ferrocyanide ivame ukuvezwa njengokuqinile kwekristalu ephuzi. Umbala ophuzi uyisici se-anion ye-ferrocyanide. Ngokungqubuzanayo, i-sodium cyanide ibonakala njengamatshe aqinile ekristalu amhlophe, ngokuvamile abe ama-granules noma impushana.

solubility

I-sodium ferrocyanide iyancibilika emanzini, kodwa ayincibiliki otshwaleni. Uma incibilika emanzini, ihlukana ibe ama-ion akhona, okuhlanganisa inkimbinkimbi [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ anion. I-sodium cyanide, ngakolunye uhlangothi, incibilika kakhulu emanzini futhi iphinde incibilike kwezinye izincibilikisi ze-polar njenge-ethanol. Ihlukanisa kalula emanzini ukuze ikhulule ama-ion e-sodium nama-cyanide ion, okuyisici esibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo kabusha kanye nobuthi.

Amaphuzu Ancibilikayo Nawabilisa

I-sodium ferrocyanide ayinayo indawo encibilikayo echazwe kahle ngomqondo wendabuko. Uma ishisa, iphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni. Isibonelo, iqala ukulahlekelwa ama-molecule amanzi cishe ku-50 ° C, futhi ku-81.5 ° C, iba i-anhydrous. Ukushisa okwengeziwe ku-435°C kuholela ekuboleni kwayo. I-sodium cyanide inephuzu eliqondile lokuncibilika elingu-564°C kanye nephuzu lokubila elingu-1469°C. Lawa maphuzu aphakeme kakhulu ancibilika futhi abilayo abangelwa amabhondi e-ionic aqinile kunhlanganisela.

I-Chemical Reactivity

Ukusebenza kabusha nge-Acids

I-sodium ferrocyanide izinzile uma kukhona ama-asidi acwebileyo, angashisi. Nokho, lapho ibhekene nama-asidi agxilile, abilayo, ingabola ikhiqize igesi yamahhala ye-hydrogen cyanide. Isibonelo, endaweni ene-asidi enamandla, ukusabela okulandelayo kungenzeka: I-Na₄Fe(CN)₆ + 6H₂SO₄ (igxilile, ebilayo) → 6HCN + 2FeSO₄ + 3Na₂SO₄ + 6H₂O. I-sodium cyanide iyasebenza kakhulu nge-acids. Ngisho nama-asidi abuthakathaka angasabela ngayo ukuze akhiqize igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, enobuthi obukhulu. Ukusabela kungokulandelayo: NaCN + HCl → NaCl + HCN↑. Lokhu kusabela okuphezulu okunama-asidi kwenza I-sodium cyanide into eyingozi kakhulu uma kukhona izinto ezine-acidic.

Ukusabela Kwe-oxidation kanye Nokunciphisa

I-sodium ferrocyanide ingafakwa i-oxidized ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lapho kukhona ama-oxidizing agents aqinile, ingaguqulelwa ku-iron(III) complexes njenge-ferricyanide. Isibonelo, ukusabela nge-oxidant efanelekile kungashintsha i-[Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ ibe yi-[Fe(CN)₆]³⁻. I-sodium cyanide nayo ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwe-oxidation. Lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo kanye nama-catalysts athile, ingafakwa ezintweni ezinobuthi obuncane. Isibonelo, lapho kukhona i-hydrogen peroxide, ukusabela kungaba: NaCN + H₂O₂ → NaCNO + H₂O (lapho i-hydrogen peroxide inenani elilinganiselwe). Ukusabela okwengeziwe nge-hydrogen peroxide eyeqile kungaguqula i-sodium cyanate (NaCNO) ibe yi-sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) kanye ne-ammonia (NH₃).

Ukwakheka Okuyinkimbinkimbi

I-sodium ferrocyanide ngokwayo iyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi. Ingaqhubeka isabela namanye ama-ion ensimbi ukuze yakhe izakhiwo ezintsha zokuxhumanisa. Isibonelo, uma isabela ngosawoti we-iron(III), yenza umbala ojulile - oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka owaziwa ngokuthi i-Prussian blue, enefomula yamakhemikhali ethi Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃. I-sodium cyanide nayo ingakha izakhiwo ezinama-ion ensimbi ahlukahlukene. Ekukhishweni kwegolide nesiliva, isibonelo, i-sodium cyanide isetshenziselwa ukwakha insimbi encibilikayo - i-cyanide complexes. Igolide (Au) lisabela ne-sodium cyanide lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo ukuze lenze i-ion eyinkimbinkimbi [Au(CN)₂]⁻: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH.

Ubuthi

I-Sodium Ferrocyanide

Naphezu kokuqukethe i-cyanide ligands, i-sodium ferrocyanide inobuthi obuphansi ngokuqhathaniswa. Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba kanye neNhlangano Yokudla Nezolimo inqume ukuthi ukudla okwamukelekile kwansuku zonke kwe-sodium ferrocyanide kungu-0 - 0.025 mg/kg wesisindo somzimba. Isizathu sobuthi bayo obuphansi ukuthi ama-cyanide ligands ku-sodium ferrocyanide aboshwe ngokuqinile e-athomu yensimbi emaphakathi ku-anion eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ayiwakhiphi kalula ama-ion e-cyanide, okuyizinhlobo ezinobuthi obukhulu. Nokho, lapho kukhona ama-asidi aqinile noma ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, ingabola ikhiqize igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, enobuthi obudlulele.

I-Sodium Cyanide

I-sodium cyanide ingenye yezinto ezinobuthi kakhulu ezaziwayo. Inobuthi obuningi kubantu nasezilwaneni. Uma imuncwa, ihogelwa, noma imuncwa esikhumbeni, i-sodium cyanide ingakhulula ama-ion e-cyanide (CN⁻) emzimbeni. Lama ion e-cyanide angabopha kuma-athomu ensimbi ku-cytochrome c oxidase, i-enzyme ebandakanyeka ekuphefumuleni kwamaselula. Lokhu kubophezela kuvimbela umsebenzi we-enzyme, kuvimbela amangqamuzana ekusebenziseni umoya-mpilo ngokuphumelelayo, okuholela ekuphefumuleni kwamangqamuzana. Ngisho nenani elincane, elifana ne-0.1 - 0.3 amagremu, lingaba yingozi kubantu.

Izicelo

I-Sodium Ferrocyanide

• Imboni Ukudla: Emazweni amaningi, okuhlanganisa i-United States nalawo ase-European Union, i-sodium ferrocyanide isetshenziswa njenge-anti-caking agent kusawoti wetafula. Kuyasiza ukugcina usawoti ungenawo - ugeleza ngokuvimbela ukwakheka kwama-clumps. Umkhawulo omkhulu ovunyelwe we-sodium ferrocyanide kusawoti uyahlukahluka ngokwesifunda kodwa ulawulwa ngokuqinile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha.

• Izicelo zezezimboni: Isetshenziswa njenge-stabilizer yokugqoka ezindongeni zokushisela. Embonini ye-petroleum, ingasetshenziselwa ukukhishwa kwe-mercaptans, okuyi-sulfur - equkethe izinhlanganisela ezingabangela iphunga elimnandi nezinkinga zokugqwala.

• I-Chemical Synthesis: I-Sodium ferrocyanide ingasetshenziswa njengento yokuqala ekuhlanganiseni ezinye izinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi nezimibalabala, njenge-Prussian blue.

I-Sodium Cyanide

• Imboni Yezokumbiwa: I-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhishweni kwegolide nesiliva. Enqubweni ye-cyanidation, ama-ores egolide nesiliva aphathwa ngesisombululo esixubile se-sodium cyanide. Igolide nesiliva zincibilika kusixazululo se-cyanide njengezakhiwo zensimbi - i-cyanide, ezingase zihlukaniswe futhi zicutshungulwe ukuze kutholwe izinsimbi ezihlanzekile.

• I-Chemical Synthesis: Isetshenziswa njengento yokuqala ekuhlanganiseni uhla olubanzi lwenhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo, ingasetshenziswa ukwethula iqembu le-cyanide (-CN) kuma-molecule ephilayo, angase aphinde aguqulwe abe amanye amaqembu asebenzayo njengama-carboxylic acid, ama-amine, noma ama-aldehyde ngokusabela okulandelayo.

• I-Electroplating: Ezinqubweni ze-electroplating, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi. Kuyasiza ukulawula ukufakwa kwe-ion yensimbi ku-substrate, iqinisekisa ukucwenga okubushelelezi nokufana okufanayo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuthi bayo obuphezulu, ezinye izinqubo ze-non-cyanide electroplating ziya ngokuya zithuthukiswa.

Ukuphepha nokuphatha

I-Sodium Ferrocyanide

Lapho kusingathwa i-sodium ferrocyanide, kufanele kulandelwe ilabhorethri evamile noma izinqubo zokuphepha zezimboni. Izisebenzi kufanele zigqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele, njengamagilavu ​​nezibuko zokuphepha. Nakuba inobuthi obuphansi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, kufanele igcinwe endaweni epholile, eyomile kude nama-acids kanye nemithombo yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwegesi enobuthi ye-hydrogen cyanide. Esimeni sokuchayeka ngengozi esikhumbeni noma emehlweni, indawo ethintekile kufanele igezwe kahle ngamanzi, futhi kufanele kufunwe ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha uma ukucasuka kuqhubeka.

I-Sodium Cyanide

Ukuphatha i-sodium cyanide kudinga izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile. Ihlukaniswa njengento eyingozi kakhulu, futhi ukugcinwa kwayo, ukuthuthwa, nokusetshenziswa kwayo kulawulwa ngokuqinile. Abasebenzi kumele bagqoke izingubo eziyisipesheli zokuzivikela, okuhlanganisa nemishini yokuphefumula ekwaziyo ukuzibamba, amasudi amelana namakhemikhali, namagilavu. I-sodium cyanide kufanele igcinwe endaweni evikelekile, enomoya omuhle kude nama-acids, ama-oxidizing agents, nemithombo yokushisa. Esimeni sokuchitheka noma ukukhululwa, ukuthuthwa kwendawo ngokushesha kuyadingeka, futhi kufanele kubizwe amathimba okuphendula izimo eziphuthumayo. Izinqubo ezikhethekile, ezifana nokusebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide ukuze kuncishiswe i-sodium cyanide esimweni sokuchitheka, kufanele kulandelwe ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi bokuchayeka egesini enobuthi ye-hydrogen cyanide.

Sengiphetha, i-sodium ferrocyanide ne-sodium cyanide, kuyilapho kokubili kuqukethe izakhi ezihlobene ne-cyanide, kunomehluko omkhulu ekwakhekeni kwawo kwamakhemikhali, izakhiwo zawo zomzimba namakhemikhali, amazinga obuthi, izinhlelo zokusebenza, nezimfuneko zokuphepha. Ukuqonda kahle kanye nokuphathwa kwalezi zinhlanganisela kubalulekile emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo.