Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Sodium Cyanide ku-Pharmaceutical and Organic Synthesis

Isingeniso

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN), inhlanganisela ye-inorganic, naphezu kwemvelo yayo enobuthi obukhulu, idlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene zezimboni namakhemikhali. Lesi sihloko sicubungula ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezemithi kanye I-Organic synthesis, egqamisa ukubaluleka kwayo kanye nokusabela ebamba iqhaza kukho.

Izicelo ku-Pharmaceutical Synthesis

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezidakamizwa Ezivamile

1. I-Penicillin

I-Cyanide compounds, kuhlanganise I-sodium cyanide, zihilelekile ekuhlanganiseni ezinye izandulela ze-penicillin. Ku-multi-step synthesis ye-penicillin, ukusabela okuthile kudinga ukwethulwa kwamaqembu athile asebenzayo. I-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ukwethula iqembu le-cyanide (-CN) ezinhlanganisela ezibalulekile eziphakathi. Leli qembu le-cyanide lingabuye liguqulwe ngokuqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa i-hydrolysis, ukunciphisa, noma okunye ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuze kwakhe izakhiwo zamangqamuzana ezidingekayo ezibalulekile emsebenzini wokulwa namagciwane we-penicillin.

2. Vitamin B6

I-synthesis ye-vitamin B6 nayo iyasebenza I-Sodium Cyanide kweminye imizila yokwenziwa. Iqembu le-cyanide elethulwe ngu i-sodium cyanide bangabamba iqhaza ekwenzeni ukusabela kweringi kanye noguquko lweqembu olusebenzayo. Isibonelo, ingasetshenziswa ukwakha isakhiwo sendandatho ye-pyridine esiyisici se-vitamin B6. Ngochungechunge lokusabela okufana nokuhlanganisa i-nucleophilic nokususa, i-cyanide - equkethe okuphakathi ingaguqulwa kancane kancane ibe umkhiqizo wokugcina wevithamini B6 ngohlelo olulungile lwe-stereochemistry kanye neqembu elisebenzayo.

3. Folic Acid

Ekuhlanganisweni kwe-folic acid, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni amayunithi ayo angaphansi. I-Folic acid iqukethe indandatho ye-pteridine, i-para-aminobenzoic acid, ne-glutamic acid moieties. I-sodium cyanide ingabandakanyeka ekuphenduleni okwakha noma ukuguqula izakhiwo zalawa mayunithi amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuhlanganisweni kweringi ye-pteridine, ukusabela okusekelwe ku-cyanide kungasetshenziswa ukwethula i-nitrogen - equkethe amaqembu asebenzayo, abalulekile esakhiweni sonke kanye nomsebenzi webhayoloji we-folic acid.

4. Caffeine

I-caffeine synthesis ingabandakanya i-sodium cyanide kumasu athile okwenziwa. Isakhiwo se-methylxanthine se-caffeine singakhiwa ngochungechunge lokusabela oluqala kumanduleli alula. I-sodium cyanide ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni okwethula amaqembu asebenzayo ezindaweni ezithile ezakhiweni zamandandatho, abe esefakwa i-methylated futhi aphinde acutshungulwe ukuze akhe i-caffeine. Amaqembu asebenzayo asuselwa ku-cyanide angasebenza njengezingqimba ezibalulekile zokwakha i-molecule ye-caffeine eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwama-Pharmaceutical Intermediates

1. Ama-Amino Acids ku-Pharmaceuticals

Ama-amino acid ayizisekelo zokwakha eziyisisekelo emikhiqizweni eminingi yemithi. I-sodium cyanide isetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni ama-amino acid athile. Isibonelo, ku-Strecker synthesis, i-aldehyde noma i-ketone isabela ne-ammonia ne-sodium cyanide ukwenza i-α - amino nitrile. Le α - i-amino nitrile ingabese igaywa nge-hydrolyzed ukuze yakhe i-amino acid ehambisanayo. Lokhu kusabela kunikeza indlela eguquguqukayo yokuhlanganiswa kwama-amino acid okungewona awemvelo nangokwemvelo asetshenziswa ekuthuthukisweni kwezidakamizwa, njengezithako ezisebenzayo zemithi (ama-API) ngokwazo noma njengeziphakathi ezibalulekile zama-molecule ezidakamizwa ayinkimbinkimbi.

2. Abalamuli bezidakamizwa ze-Anticancer

Ekuthuthukisweni kwezidakamizwa ezilwa nomdlavuza, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni ama-intermediates athile. Eminye imithi elwa nomdlavuza inezakhiwo zamangqamuzana eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga ukwethulwa kwamaqembu e-nitrile ezindaweni eziqondile. I-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziselwa ukwethula la maqembu e-nitrile, angase aphinde aguqulwe abe amanye amaqembu asebenzayo njengama-amide, ama-carboxylic acid, noma ama-amine ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okusungulwe kahle. Lawa maqembu asebenzayo abalulekile ekusebenzisaneni komuthi nama-molecule awo okuhlosiwe kumaseli omdlavuza, njengama-enzyme noma ama-receptors abandakanyeka ekukhuleni kwamaseli nokwanda.

Izicelo ku-Organic Synthesis

Ukwethulwa kweCyanide Groups

1. I-Nitrile Synthesis

I-sodium cyanide iyi-reagent evamile yokuhlanganiswa kwe-nitriles. Kukhemikhali ephilayo, lapho i-alkyl halide ihlangana ne-sodium cyanide ku-polar aprotic solvent njenge-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) noma i-dimethylformamide (DMF), ukusabela kulandela umshini we-nucleophilic bimolecular. Njengesibonelo, i-ethyl bromide ihlangana ne-sodium cyanide ku-DMSO ukwenza i-ethyl cyanide, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-propionitrile. Ama-nitriles aphakathi nendawo eguquguqukayo kakhulu ku-organic synthesis. Angaguqulwa abe ama-carboxylic acid nge-hydrolysis, ancishiswe enze ama-amine ayinhloko, noma asetshenziswe ekuhlanganiseni kwezinhlanganisela ze-heterocyclic.

2. I-Aromatic Nitrile Synthesis

I-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa futhi ekuhlanganiseni kwe-nitriles enamakha. Ukusabela phakathi kwe-aryl halides ne-sodium cyanide kuyinselele kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezine-alkyl halides ngenxa yokusabela okuphansi kwe-aryl halides. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ezifana nokusebenzisa i-copper catalyst kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Rosenmund - von Braun reaction, i-aryl nitriles ingakhiqizwa. Isibonelo, i-bromobenzene ingasabela nge-sodium cyanide phambi kwe-copper(I) cyanide ku-DMF ukuze yakhe i-benzonitrile.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Complex Organic Molecules

1. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Heterocyclic Compounds

I-Sodium cyanide ivame ukubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali e-heterocyclic, atholakala kabanzi emikhiqizweni yemvelo, emithini nasezintweni zokwakha. Ekwakhiweni kwama-pyrimidines, ikilasi lamakhemikhali e-heterocyclic anemisebenzi ebalulekile yebhayoloji, i-sodium cyanide ingabandakanyeka ekusabeleni okwakha isakhiwo sendandatho ye-pyrimidine. Enye inqubo enjalo yilapho i-1,3 - diI-CarbonI-yl compound isabela ne-urea kanye ne-sodium cyanide ngaphansi kwezimo eziyisisekelo. Iqembu le-cyanide lifakwa ku-reaction intermediate, futhi ngochungechunge lwe-cyclization kanye ne-elimination reactions, kwakheka indandatho ye-pyrimidine.

2. Ukuhlanganiswa Komkhiqizo Wemvelo - njengama-Molecule

Ekuhlanganisweni kwama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi afana nemikhiqizo yemvelo, i-sodium cyanide ingasetshenziswa ezinyathelweni ezibalulekile ukwethula amaqembu asebenzayo noma ukudala amabhondi e-carbon - carbon. Isibonelo, ekuhlanganiseni okuphelele kwamanye ama-alkaloid, i-sodium cyanide ingase isetshenziswe ukwethula iqembu le-nitrile endaweni ethile ngaphakathi kwe-molecule. Leli qembu le-nitrile lingasetshenziswa ekuphenduleni okufana ne-Grignard - ukusabela kohlobo ukuze kwakheke amabhondi ekhabhoni entsha - carbon noma aphinde aguqulwe abe amanye amaqembu asebenzayo, okuvumela ukwakhiwa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo sesakhiwo somkhiqizo wemvelo oyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwezokuphepha

Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi i-sodium cyanide inobuthi obukhulu. Ingakhulula ama-ion e-cyanide esixazululweni, engabophezela ku-iron(III) ku-cytochrome c oxidase kumaseli, ivimbele ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana futhi kuholele ekufeni kweseli ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, kunoma yisiphi isicelo esibandakanya i-sodium cyanide, izimiso zokuphepha eziqinile kufanele zilandelwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphatha ama-fume hoods anomoya omuhle, ukugqoka izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele njengamagilavu, izibuko, nezingubo zokuzivikela, kanye nokuba nezinhlelo ezifanele zokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo uma kwenzeka kuchitheka noma ukuchayeka. Ukwengeza, imfucuza equkethe i-sodium cyanide kufanele iphathwe kahle ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Isiphetho

I-sodium cyanide, naphezu kobuthi bayo obuphezulu, i-reagent ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni kwemithi kanye ne-organic synthesis. Inika amandla ukuhlanganiswa kohlu olubanzi lwemithi, i-intermediate yezemithi, nama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi e-organic. Ngokuqonda ukusetshenziswa kwayo nokulandela izinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile, osokhemisi bangaqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-sodium cyanide ukuze bakhe imithi emisha, izinto zokwakha, neminye imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ebalulekile. Kodwa-ke, kuyenziwa futhi imizamo yokuthuthukisa ezinye izindlela, izindlela ezinobuthi obuncane zokusabela okwamanje ezithembele ku-sodium cyanide ukunciphisa izingozi ezihlobene.