Tattaunawa akan Fasahar Ciro Zinare da Sodium Cyanide

Gabatarwa

Zinariya, wani ƙarfe mai daraja wanda aka fi daraja saboda ƙarancinsa, sauƙin sassauƙa, da juriya ga tsatsa, ya kasance alamar arziki da kuma hanyar musanya tsawon ƙarni da yawa. Hana zinare daga ma'adanai tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya samo asali a tsawon lokaci. Daga cikin hanyoyi daban-daban, amfani da Sodium cyanide a cikin haƙar zinare , wanda aka sani da cyanidation, shine babbar dabarar tun daga shekarun 1970. Wannan rubutun shafin yanar gizo zai yi zurfi cikin cikakkun bayanai game da wannan dabarar, ƙa'idodin aiki, la'akari da muhalli da aminci, da kuma makomar gaba.

Matsayin Cyanide a Haƙar Zinare

Yadda Cyanide ke Amsa da Zinariya

Cyanide, wani sinadari mai dauke da Carbon da nitrogen, yana samar da wani hadadden sinadarin da ke narkewa da zinare a gaban iskar oxygen. Ana iya wakiltar wannan martanin ta hanyar lissafin sinadarai masu zuwa:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

A cikin wannan amsawar, zinare yana narkewa kuma yana samar da hadaddun sodium auro cyanide mai ƙarfi, wanda ke narkewa (Na[Au(CN)₂]). Wannan yana ba da damar raba zinare daga ma'aunin ma'adinai kuma a dawo da shi ta hanyar aiwatarwa na gaba.

Sharuɗɗa don Ingantacciyar Cyanidation

Domin tsarin cyanidation ya yi aiki yadda ya kamata, dole ne a cika sharuɗɗa da dama. Yawan sinadarin Sodium Cyanide a cikin ruwan leaching yawanci yana tsakanin 100 ppm zuwa 500 ppm (0.01% - 0.05%). Ana kiyaye matakin pH mai kyau, yawanci kusan 10 - 11. don hana samuwar iskar hydrogen cyanide, wadda take da guba sosai. Bugu da ƙari, kasancewar iskar oxygen yana da mahimmanci, domin yana aiki a matsayin mai hana iskar oxygen a cikin amsawar. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta, saboda damuwar farashi, ba koyaushe ake yin amfani da ƙarin iskar oxygen don hanzarta aikin leaching ba a masana'antar.

Tsarin Leaching na Cyanide

Shiri na Ore

Kafin leaching na cyanide, ana buƙatar shirya tama mai ɗaukar zinare. Wannan yakan haɗa da murƙushewa da niƙa ma'adinan don ƙara sararin samaniya. Mafi kyawun ɓangarorin ma'adinai, ƙarin fallasa zinare yana zuwa maganin cyanide, yana haɓaka haɓakar leaching. Bayan murkushewa da niƙa, ana iya ƙara sarrafa ma'adinan ta hanyar rabuwa da nauyi ko kuma yin iyo don cire wasu ma'adanai na gangue da kuma mayar da hankali ga gwal mai ɗauke da juzu'i.

Heap Leaching

Tarin tsiya hanya ce da ake amfani da ita sosai a manyan ayyukan haƙar zinare. A cikin wannan tsari, ana tara ma'adinan da aka shirya a cikin manyan tarin a kan wani layi mai hana ruwa shiga. Sannan a fesa ko a diga ruwan sodium cyanide a kan tarin ma'adinan. Yayin da maganin ke ratsawa ta cikin tarin, yana yin aiki da zinaren da ke cikin ma'adinan, yana samar da hadaddun zinare mai narkewa - cyanide. Ana tattara waɗannan hadaddun a ƙasan tarin a cikin tafki ko tsarin tattarawa.

Leaching leaching yana da tsada - yana da tasiri, musamman ga ƙarancin ma'adinai. Duk da haka, yana buƙatar kulawa da hankali don hana zubar da cyanide - dauke da mafita a cikin yanayi.

Vat Leaching (Masu Sarrafa)

Leaching Vat, wanda kuma aka sani da vat cyanidation ko agitation leaching, yawanci ana aiwatar da shi a cikin injin niƙa na musamman a wuraren hakar ma'adinai. A cikin wannan hanya, ana sanya ma'adinan da aka murƙushewa a cikin tudu ko tankuna. Ana ƙara cyanide - wanda ya ƙunshi bayani, kuma cakuda yana motsawa don tabbatar da kyakkyawar hulɗa tsakanin tama da bayani. Ana gabatar da iskar oxygen a cikin iska ko wani lokacin ƙarin oxygen don sauƙaƙe aikin.

Idan aka kwatanta da leaching na Heap , leaching na VAT yana ba da damar sarrafa yanayin leaching, kamar zafin jiki, pH, da saurin tashin hankali. Duk da haka, gabaɗaya ya fi tsada saboda buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman da yawan amfani da makamashi.

Farfado da Zinariya daga Cyanide Solutions

Da zarar an narkar da zinariya a cikin maganin cyanide, yana buƙatar dawo da shi. Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyu don wannan:

1. Carbon - a cikin - Leach (CIL) da Carbon - a cikin - Pulp (CIP) : A cikin tsarin CIL, ana ƙara carbon mai kunnawa kai tsaye zuwa ɓangaren litattafan cyanide da aka leƙa. Ana lulluɓe hadaddun cyanide na zinare a saman carbon da aka kunna saboda girman samansa da kuma ƙarfin sha. A cikin tsarin CIP, ana fara raba ɓangaren litattafan daga maganin, sannan a wuce maganin ta cikin jerin tankuna da aka cika da carbon mai kunnawa. Bayan sha, ana cire carbon da aka ɗora da zinare daga tsarin kuma ana ƙara sarrafa shi don dawo da zinaren.

2. Ruwan Zinc : Ana iya ƙara ƙurar zinc ko aski na zinc a cikin maganin zinare. Zinc ya fi zinare electropositive, don haka yana fitar da zinare daga cikin hadaddun zinare. Amsar ita ce kamar haka:

2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → 2Au + Na₂[Zn(CN)₄]

Za a iya raba gwal ɗin da aka haɗe daga maganin ta hanyar tacewa ko lalata.

La'akarin Muhalli da Tsaro

Gubar Cyanide

Cyanide wani sinadari ne mai guba. A cikin adadi mai yawa, yana iya zama haɗari ga mutane, dabbobi, da rayuwar ruwa. A cikin mahallin hakar gwal, babban abin damuwa shine yuwuwar sakin cyanide a cikin muhalli, musamman a cikin ruwan saman. Kifi yana da damuwa musamman ga cyanide, har ma da ƙananan matakan cyanide a cikin ruwa na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri a kan halittun ruwa.

Gudanar da Muhalli

Don rage tasirin muhalli na amfani da cyanide a cikin hakar gwal, ana ɗaukar matakai da yawa. Ana buƙatar ma'adinai don bin ƙa'idodi masu tsauri game da fitar da cyanide - dauke da mafita. Wuraren wutsiya, inda ragowar cyanide - wanda ke ɗauke da mafita da kayan sharar gida, an tsara su tare da layukan da ba su da ƙarfi don hana zubewa. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na magani don rage ko cire cyanide daga mafita kafin fitarwa. Waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da sinadarai oxidation, jiyya na nazarin halittu, da kuma amfani da hasken ultraviolet don rushe cyanide.

Yawancin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai kuma suna da niyyar sake yin fa'ida da sake amfani da ragowar cyanide a cikin da'irar sarrafawa don rage yawan amfani da cyanide gabaɗaya.

Matakan Tsaro ga Ma'aikata

Ma'aikatan ma'adinai suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da matakan cyanide mai guba. Don kare ma'aikata, ma'adinai suna aiwatar da matakan tsaro da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da yin amfani da na'ura mai sarrafa kansa don rage hulɗar ɗan adam kai tsaye tare da cyanide - kayan da ke ɗauke da su, samar da ma'aikata tufafin kariya masu dacewa, kamar safar hannu, aprons, da na'urar numfashi, da kuma gudanar da shirye-shiryen horar da tsaro na yau da kullum.

Makasudin gaba

Duk da yadda ake amfani da shi sosai, hanyar hakar zinare na cyanide na fuskantar ƙalubale saboda matsalolin muhalli da aminci. Sakamakon haka, ana samun karuwar sha'awar haɓaka madadin, dabarun hakar zinare masu dacewa da muhalli. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan fasahohin da suka fito sun haɗa da yin amfani da thiosulfate, bromide, ko ionic ruwa a matsayin madadin lixiviants. Duk da haka, waɗannan hanyoyin har yanzu suna cikin gwaji ko farkon matakin kasuwanci kuma suna da nasu iyakokin dangane da farashi - inganci da inganci.

A halin yanzu, masana'antar hakar gwal za ta ci gaba da mai da hankali kan inganta aminci da aikin muhalli na tsarin leaching na cyanide. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙara haɓaka amfani da cyanide, haɓaka hanyoyin jiyya don cyanide - mai ɗauke da sharar gida, da ƙarfafa bin ka'idoji.

Kammalawa

Amfani da sodium cyanide a cikin hakar zinare ya kasance ginshiƙin masana'antar hakar gwal na zamani shekaru da yawa. Yana ba da ingantacciyar hanyar inganci da tsada - ingantacciyar hanya don cire zinare daga nau'ikan ma'adinai iri-iri. Duk da haka, guba na cyanide da yiwuwar tasirin muhalli ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba. Yayin da masana'antu ke ci gaba, dole ne a daidaita daidaito tsakanin fa'idodin tattalin arziki na hakar gwal da kuma buƙatar kare lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Ko ta hanyar inganta hanyoyin tushen cyanide da ake da su ko haɓaka sabbin fasahohi, madadin hakar gwal, makomar hakar gwal ta ta'allaka ne wajen nemo hanyoyin dorewa da aminci.