Hanyoyi da Tsarin Cire Cyanide akan Fannin Sulfide Ores

1. Gabatarwa

A fannin karafa, musamman wajen hakar gwal da sarrafa taman sulfide, kasancewar Cyanide a saman Sulfide Ores yana haifar da gagarumin ƙalubale. Ana amfani da Cyanide sosai a cikin tsarin leaching na cyanidation don hakar zinare saboda ikonsa na samar da hadaddun da zinare, yana sauƙaƙe rushewar sa. Koyaya, bayan aikin leaching, sauran cyanide akan saman sulfide ores a cikin wutsiya ba wai kawai yana haifar da gurɓataccen muhalli ba har ma yana hana amfanar ma'adinan sulfide na gaba, yana rage yawan dawo da ƙarafa masu mahimmanci. Don haka, haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don cire cyanide akan saman ma'aunin sulfide yana da mahimmanci don ɗorewar sarrafa ma'adinai da kare muhalli.

2. Matsalolin da suka wanzu tare da Cyanide akan Filayen Sulfide Ore

2.1 Tasirin Muhalli

Cyanide abu ne mai guba sosai. Lokacin da ma'adinan sulfide tare da saman - cyanide adsorbed aka saki zuwa cikin muhalli, cyanide na iya fitar da hankali a hankali kuma ya gurɓata ƙasa, tushen ruwa, da iska. Ko da a cikin ƙananan ƙira, cyanide na iya zama mai cutarwa sosai ga halittun ruwa, tsirrai, da lafiyar ɗan adam. Misali, a wasu wuraren da ake hakar ma'adinai inda aka yi watsi da sinadarin cyanide da bai dace ba - mai dauke da wutsiya, ruwan da ke kusa da su ya nuna raguwar narkar da iskar oxygen da ke haifar da mutuwar kifaye da sauran rayuwar ruwa.

2.2 Hana Amfanin Ma'adinan Sulfide

Cyanide adsorbed a kan saman sulfide ores, irin su pyrite, chalcopyrite, da sphalerite, na iya samar da fim din wucewa akan farfajiyar ma'adinai. Wannan fim yana rage reactivity na sulfide ma'adanai a lokacin m flotation ko sauran fa'ida tafiyar matakai. Misali, a cikin yawo na tagulla - masu ɗauke da sulfide ores, kasancewar cyanide a saman chalcopyrite na iya raunana mu'amalarsa da masu tarawa, yana da wahala a ware ma'adinan tagulla daga ma'adinan gangue yadda ya kamata, wanda hakan zai rage daraja da kuma dawo da hankalin jan ƙarfe.

3. Hanyoyin Cire Cyanide akan Fannin Sulfide Ores

3.1 Hanyar kunna Acid

3.1.1 Ka'ida

Hanyar kunna acid galibi tana amfani da acid kamar sulfuric acid ko oxalic acid don amsawa tare da cyanide - mai ƙunshe da mahadi a saman ƙoshin sulfide. Lokacin da aka ƙara acid, yana haifar da bazuwar cyanide - rukunin ƙarfe. A sakamakon haka, ana samar da iskar hydrogen cyanide. Amma a cikin tsari mai kyau, ana iya dawo da wannan sinadari na hydrogen cyanide mai canzawa kuma a sake yin amfani da shi ta hanyar tsarin da ya dace.

3.1.2 Matakan Tsari

1. Shiri Tsakanin Kore: Da farko, haxa wutsiyar tama na sulfide tare da saman - cyanide da aka tallata da ruwa don ƙirƙirar ɓangaren litattafan almara na iri ɗaya. Matsakaicin ruwa mai ƙarfi na ɓangaren litattafan almara yawanci ana daidaita shi bisa halaye na ma'adinai da takamaiman buƙatun tsari, yawanci a cikin kewayon 1:2 - 1:5.

2. Acid AdditionA hankali ƙara sulfuric acid ko oxalic acid zuwa ɓangaren litattafan almara yayin motsawa akai-akai. Dole ne a sarrafa adadin acid ɗin da aka ƙara a hankali bisa ga abun ciki na cyanide a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinai. Yawancin lokaci, ana daidaita ƙimar pH na ɓangaren litattafan almara zuwa 2 - 4. kuma ya kamata a kula da pH a ainihin lokacin ta amfani da mita pH yayin aikin ƙari.

3. Reaction da Gas Magani: Bayan ƙara acid, bari amsa ta ci gaba don kimanin 1 - 3 hours. A wannan lokacin, ana samar da iskar hydrogen cyanide. Don hana wannan iskar gas daga gurbata muhalli, an kafa iskar gas - tattarawa da tsarin kulawa. Ana isar da iskar hydrogen cyanide da aka samar zuwa cikin hasumiya mai cike da maganin alkaline, kamar maganin sodium hydroxide. Anan, hydrogen cyanide yana amsawa tare da sodium hydroxide, kuma an dawo dasu sodium Cyanide Ana iya sake yin amfani da maganin zuwa tsarin cyanidation idan ingancinsa ya dace da buƙatun.

3.1.3 Fa'idodi da rashin amfani

• Abũbuwan amfãni: Wannan hanya tana da ɗan sauƙi a cikin ka'ida da aiki. Yana iya rushe cyanide yadda ya kamata - yana dauke da mahadi a saman ma'adinan sulfide kuma yana da yuwuwar sake sarrafa cyanide, rage yawan farashin amfani da cyanide a cikin aikin hakar ma'adinai.

• disadvantages: Akwai manyan haɗarin aminci da ke ciki. Gas na cyanide na hydrogen yana da guba sosai, kuma duk wani ɗigon ruwa a lokacin daukar ciki na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga masu aiki da muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, acid ɗin da ake amfani da su a wannan hanyar suna da lalata, wanda zai iya lalata kayan aiki da bututun mai, ƙara farashin kulawa da rage tsawon rayuwar kayan aiki.

3.2 Hanyar Kunna Oxidant

3.2.1 Ka'ida

Ana amfani da sinadarai masu hana iskar oxygen kamar hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, da ozone don lalata cyanide a saman ma'adanai na sulfide. Waɗannan sinadarai masu hana iskar oxygen suna karya alaƙar sinadarai na mahaɗan cyanide, suna canza cyanide zuwa abubuwa marasa guba kamar iskar nitrogen da Carbonabubuwa.

3.2.2 Matakan Tsari

1. Shiri Tsakanin Kore: Mai kama da hanyar kunna acid, shirya wutsiyar sulfide tama a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara tare da daidaitaccen ruwa mai ƙarfi.

2. Ƙarin Oxidant: Ƙara zaɓaɓɓen oxidant zuwa ɓangaren litattafan almara. Adadin oxidant da aka ƙara ya dogara da abun ciki na cyanide a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara da yuwuwar oxidation na oxidant. Misali, lokacin amfani da hydrogen peroxide, adadin shine gabaɗaya 1 - 5 kg kowace ton na ɓangaren litattafan almara, yayin da potassium permanganate yawanci ana ƙarawa a 0.5 - 2 kg kowace ton na ɓangaren litattafan almara. Ƙarin ya kamata a yi a hankali tare da ci gaba da motsawa don tabbatar da ko da haɗuwa.

3. Amsa da Kulawa: Bada oxidant don amsawa tare da cyanide a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinai na 2 - 4 hours. Yayin da ake amsawa, saka idanu akan iskar oxygen - yuwuwar raguwa da abun ciki na cyanide a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara. Ƙimar oxidation - rage yuwuwar ƙima na iya nuna ci gaban halayen iskar shaka. Lokacin da ƙimar ta daidaita kuma abun ciki na cyanide a cikin ɓangaren litattafan ma'adinai ya dace da ma'aunin da ake buƙata (yawanci ƙasa da 0.5 MG/L), ana ɗaukar matakin cikakke.

3.2.3 Fa'idodi da rashin amfani

• Abũbuwan amfãni: Wannan hanyar ba ta haifar da iskar gas mai guba da mara ƙarfi kamar hanyar kunna acid, yana mai da shi mafi aminci ga yanayin aiki. Yana iya yadda ya kamata oxidize da lalata cyanide, cimma burin cire cyanide daga saman sulfide ores. Bugu da ƙari, samfuran amsawa suna da ƙarancin muhalli.

• disadvantages: Farashin oxidants yana da tsada sosai, musamman ga masu ƙarfi masu ƙarfi kamar ozone, wanda ke ƙara farashin sarrafa sulfide ores. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da ke haifar da iskar shaka suna samun sauƙin tasiri ta hanyar abubuwa kamar ƙimar pH na ɓangaren litattafan almara, zafin jiki, da kasancewar sauran ƙazanta, waɗanda ke buƙatar tsauraran yanayin halayen halayen.

3.3 Hanyar Gishiri na Copper

3.3.1 Ka'ida

Gishiri na jan ƙarfe, irin su sulfate na jan karfe, ana ƙara su zuwa ɓangaren litattafan almara na sulfide tare da ƙasa - cyanide adsorbed. Ions na jan ƙarfe suna amsawa tare da cyanide don samar da jan ƙarfe mara narkewa - rukunin cyanide. Ana iya raba waɗannan rukunin gidaje daga ɓangaren litattafan ma'adinai ta hanyar tsayayyen hanyoyin rabuwa na ruwa, don haka a sami nasarar kawar da cyanide.

3.3.2 Matakan Tsari

1. Shiri Tsakanin Kore: Shirya wutsiyar sulfide tama a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara tare da daidaitaccen ruwa mai ƙarfi.

2. Ƙara Gishiri na Copper: Ƙara adadin da ya dace na sulfate na jan karfe zuwa ɓangaren litattafan almara. Yawan adadin jan ƙarfe sulfate da aka ƙara ana ƙaddara shi ta hanyar abun ciki na cyanide a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara, gabaɗaya tare da rabon molar ions na jan karfe zuwa ions cyanide na 1 - 2:1. Copper sulfate yawanci ana ƙara shi azaman bayani mai ruwa, kuma tsarin ƙari yakamata a kasance tare da ci gaba da motsawa don tabbatar da rarraba ions na jan ƙarfe a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara.

3. Amsa da Tauri - Rabewar Ruwa: Bayan ƙara gishiri na jan karfe, bari amsa ta ci gaba don 1 - 2 hours. Sa'an nan kuma, aiwatar da rabuwa mai ƙarfi - ruwa akan ɓangaren litattafan almara ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi kamar tacewa ko lalata. Daskararrun da aka keɓe ya ƙunshi jan ƙarfe - cyanide precipitates da ma'adanai sulfide, yayin da za a iya ƙara kula da ruwan da aka raba don saduwa da ma'aunin fitarwa ko sake yin fa'ida don wasu dalilai.

3.3.3 Fa'idodi da rashin amfani

• Abũbuwan amfãni: Wannan hanya na iya cire cyanide yadda ya kamata daga saman sulfide ores ta hanyar samar da hazo maras narkewa. Tsarin aiki yana da sauƙin sauƙi, kuma jan karfe sulfate shine na yau da kullun kuma maras tsadar sinadarai, yana ba da wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziki.

• disadvantages: Ƙara gishiri na jan karfe na iya shigar da ƙazanta na jan ƙarfe a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara, wanda zai iya rinjayar fa'idar ma'adinan sulfide na gaba. Alal misali, a cikin flotation na gubar - zinc sulfide ores, jan karfe ions wuce kima iya kunna sphalerite, tsoma baki tare da rabuwa da gubar da zinc ma'adanai. Bugu da ƙari, keɓaɓɓen jan ƙarfe - cyanide hazo yana buƙatar zubar da kyau don hana gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu na biyu.

3.4 Sabuwar Hanyar Reagent Composite

3.4.1 Ka'ida

Ana amfani da wasu sabbin abubuwan haɗakarwa, kamar haɗin polysulfides da sodium metabisulfite. Polysulfides suna amsawa tare da sulfur - wanda ke dauke da abubuwan da ke cikin cyanide - dauke da mahadi a kan farfajiyar sulfide ores, yayin da sodium metabisulfite ya daidaita yiwuwar redox na tsarin kuma yana inganta bazuwar cyanide, don haka yana sauƙaƙe cire shi.

3.4.2 Matakan Tsari

1. Shiri Tsakanin Kore: Shirya wutsiyar sulfide tama a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara.

2. Haɗin Reagent Ƙara: Ƙara reagent ɗin da ya ƙunshi polysulfides da sodium metabisulfite zuwa ɓangaren litattafan almara. Matsakaicin nauyin polysulfides zuwa sodium metabisulfite shine yawanci 1:1. kuma an ƙayyade adadin adadin reagent ɗin da aka ƙara bisa ga abun ciki na cyanide a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara da yanayin tama na sulfide, gabaɗaya daga 0.5 - 2 kg kowace ton na ɓangaren litattafan almara.

3. Amsa da Kulawa: Bayan ƙara reagent mai hade, bari amsa ta ci gaba don 1 - 3 hours. Yayin amsawar, saka idanu abun ciki na cyanide da sigogin sinadarai masu dacewa, kamar yuwuwar redox da ƙimar pH, a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara. Daidaita yanayin amsawa da sauri bisa ga sakamakon sa ido don tabbatar da cire cikakkiyar cirewar cyanide.

3.4.3 Fa'idodi da rashin amfani

• Abũbuwan amfãni: Wannan hanya tana nuna kyakkyawar daidaitawa ga nau'ikan nau'ikan sulfide iri-iri. Mai haɗawa da reagent yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa don cire cyanide yadda ya kamata daga saman ma'aunin sulfide. Idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin reagent guda ɗaya, yana iya bayar da ingantaccen aikin cirewa kuma yana da ƙarancin tasiri akan fa'idar ma'adinan sulfide na gaba.

• disadvantages: Haɓakawa da kuma samar da reagents masu haɗaka suna da rikitarwa, kuma farashi na iya zama mafi girma fiye da wasu hanyoyin gargajiya guda ɗaya - reagent. Bugu da ƙari, ƙayyadaddun tsarin amsawa na reagents mai haɗawa ba a fahimta ba tukuna, wanda zai iya gabatar da rashin tabbas a cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu na ainihi.

4. Tsarin Ingantawa da La'akari

4.1 Maganin Ores

Kafin amfani da kowane ɗayan hanyoyin da ke sama don cire cyanide a saman ma'aunin sulfide, gyaran tama mai dacewa sau da yawa ya zama dole. Misali, idan wutsiyar taman sulfide ta ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na tarar - ma'adinan gangu mai hatsi, pre - tantancewa ko ayyukan rarrabawa za a iya aiwatar da su don cire mai wuya - don - kula da ɓangarorin da ba su da kyau. Wannan na iya haɓaka ingancin hulɗar tsakanin reagent da ma'adanai na sulfide tare da farfajiya - cyanide adsorbed da rage tsangwama na ma'adanai na gangue akan tsarin amsawa.

4.2 Sarrafa Yanayin Amsa

• pH Darajar: Ƙimar pH na ɓangaren litattafan almara na ma'adinai yana tasiri sosai ga tsarin dauki. Hanyar kunna acid yana buƙatar ƙananan pH don inganta bazuwar cyanide - dauke da mahadi, yayin da hanyar kunnawa oxidant da hanyar gishiri na jan karfe suna buƙatar kula da pH mai dacewa. Misali, lokacin amfani da hydrogen peroxide azaman oxidant, mafi kyawun ƙimar pH na ɓangaren litattafan almara shine yawanci 8 - 10. kuma lokacin amfani da sulfate jan ƙarfe, ƙimar pH na ɓangaren litattafan almara ana sarrafa shi gabaɗaya a 6 - 8.

• Zafin jiki: Har ila yau, yawan zafin jiki yana rinjayar yawan amsawa da inganci. Gabaɗaya, ƙara yawan zafin jiki na iya ƙara saurin amsawa. Duk da haka, ga wasu halayen, irin su oxidation na cyanide ta hydrogen peroxide, yawan zafin jiki mai yawa na iya haifar da oxidant don lalata, rage yawan iskar oxygen. Sabili da haka, ana buƙatar inganta yanayin zafin jiki bisa ga takamaiman tsarin amsawa, yawanci a cikin kewayon 20 - 40 ° C.

• Ƙarfin Ƙarfafawa: Isasshen motsawa yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ko da rarraba reagents a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara da kuma ƙara yiwuwar hulɗar tsakanin reagent da cyanide - dauke da abubuwa a saman sulfide ores. Koyaya, yawan motsa jiki na iya haifar da rashin amfani da makamashi mara amfani da lalacewa na kayan aiki. Ya kamata a ƙayyade ƙarfin motsawa mai dacewa ta hanyar bincike na gwaji da ƙwarewar samarwa.

4.3 M - Rabewar Ruwa da Maganin Ruwa

Bayan amsawa don cire cyanide akan saman sulfide ores, ingantaccen m - rabuwar ruwa ana buƙatar raba ma'adanai sulfide da aka bi da su daga maganin amsawa. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su mai ƙarfi - hanyoyin rabuwar ruwa sun haɗa da tacewa, lalatawa, da centrifugation. Ruwan sharar da aka keɓe yawanci har yanzu yana ƙunshe da wasu ragowar cyanide da sauran ƙazanta, waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarin magani don cika ma'aunin fitarwa. Hanyoyin jiyya na sharar gida na iya haɗawa da hanyoyin kamar ƙarin oxidation, adsorption, da maganin ilimin halitta.

5. Nazarin Al'amura

5.1 Aikace-aikacen Hanyar Kunna Acid a cikin Ma'adinan Zinare

A cikin wani ma'adanin zinari, bayan aikin leaching na cyanidation, wutsiyar sulfide tama tana da wani adadi mai ƙima - cyanide adsorbed. Ma'adinan sun yi amfani da hanyar kunna acid don magani. Da farko, an sanya wutsiyoyi a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara tare da m - ruwa rabo na 1: 3. Sa'an nan kuma, an ƙara sulfuric acid don daidaita darajar ɓangaren litattafan almara zuwa 3. Bayan amsawa na tsawon sa'o'i 2, an tattara iskar hydrogen cyanide da aka samar kuma an shafe shi ta hanyar maganin sodium hydroxide. Bayan jiyya, abun ciki na cyanide a cikin ɓangaren litattafan ma'adinai ya ragu daga 5 MG / L zuwa ƙasa da 0.5 MG / L, kuma adadin dawo da ruwa na ma'adanai sulfide na gaba ya karu da kusan 10%. Koyaya, yayin aikin, ɗigon iskar iskar hydrogen cyanide ya haifar da haɗarin aminci a wurin aikin, kuma bututun kayan aikin sun sami lalata sosai.

5.2 Hanyar Kunna Oxidant a cikin Polymetallic Sulfide Ore Mine

A polymetallic sulfide ore mine amfani hydrogen peroxide a matsayin oxidant don cire cyanide a saman sulfide ores. An fara daidaita ƙimar pH ɗin ma'adinan zuwa 9. sannan kuma an ƙara hydrogen peroxide a adadin kilogiram 3 a kowace ton na ɓangaren litattafan almara. Bayan amsawa na sa'o'i 3, abun ciki na cyanide a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinai an rage shi zuwa ƙananan matakin. Ribar da ta biyo baya na jan karfe, gubar, da ma'adinan sulfide na zinc sulfide ragowar cyanide bai shafe su ba, kuma adadin dawo da karfe gaba daya ya inganta. Koyaya, tsadar hydrogen peroxide ya haifar da haɓakar farashin sarrafa tama da kusan dala 5 akan kowace ton.

6. Kammalawa

Cire cyanide a saman ma'adinan sulfide aiki ne mai mahimmanci a fagen sarrafa ma'adinai. Hanyar kunna acid, hanyar kunna oxidant, hanyar gishiri tagulla, da sabuwar hanyar reagent mai haɗawa kowanne yana da nasa fa'ida da rashin amfani. A cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu na ainihi, ya zama dole a yi la'akari da mahimmancin abubuwa kamar yanayin sulfide ores, bukatun kare muhalli, da farashin tattalin arziki don zaɓar hanya mafi dacewa. A halin yanzu, ta hanyar inganta yanayin tsari, pretreating ores, da kuma yadda ya kamata sarrafa m - ruwa rabuwa da sharar gida magani, da yadda ya dace na cire cyanide a saman sulfide ores za a iya kara inganta, cimma burin da albarkatun dawo da muhalli kariya.