Sodium Cyanide: Kayayyaki, Hatsari, da Matakan Tsaro

Gabatarwa

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) wani sinadari ne da ba shi da sinadarai masu gina jiki wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannoni daban-daban na masana'antu. Duk da haka, yanayinsa mai guba yana buƙatar tsauraran ka'idoji da tsare-tsare na aminci. Wannan labarin yana bincika halaye, amfani, da haɗarin da ke tattare da Sodium cyanide.

Chemical da Properties Properties

Tsarin Sinadarai da Tsarin

Sodium cyanide yana da dabarar sinadarai NaCN. Yana da wani sinadari na ionic wanda ya ƙunshi sodium cation (Na⁺) da cyanide anion (CN⁻). A cikin tsarin lu'ulu'u, an shirya ions na sodium da cyanide a cikin layi mai kama da na sodium chloride. Atom ɗin Carbon a cikin rukunin cyanide yana samar da haɗin gwiwa sau uku tare da atom ɗin nitrogen, yana ba ion ɗin CN⁻ halayensa na amsawa.

jiki Halaye

• Bayyana : Sodium cyanide yawanci yana bayyana a matsayin farin, mai ƙarfi ko foda.

• Wari : A cikin busasshiyar siffa, sau da yawa ba shi da wari. Duk da haka, idan ya yi hulɗa da danshi a cikin iska ko ruwa, yana iya samar da iskar hydrogen cyanide (HCN), wanda ke da ƙamshi mai laushi kamar almond. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ba kowa ne zai iya gano ƙamshin hydrogen cyanide ba, domin ikon yin hakan an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta.

• Narkewa da Tafasa : Yana da zafin narkewa mai yawa na 563.7 °C da kuma zafin tafasa na 1496 °C.

• Narkewa : Sodium cyanide yana narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa. A gaskiya ma, gram 38.9 na NaCN zai iya narkewa a cikin millilita 100 na ruwa a zafin digiri 20 Celsius. Hakanan yana narkewa a cikin wasu sinadarai masu narkewa kamar ammonia, ethanol, da methanol.

Sinadarin Reactivity

• Hydrolysis : Sodium cyanide gishirin acid ne mai rauni, hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Idan ya haɗu da ruwa, yana yin hydrolysis, yana samar da iskar hydrogen cyanide. Daidaiton sinadarai na wannan amsawar shine: NaCN + H₂O ⇌ NaOH + HCN. Wannan amsawar na iya faruwa ko da danshi a yanayi, wanda hakan ke sa Sodium Cyanide mai ƙarfi ya zama tushen fitar da iskar gas mai guba.

• Amsawar Acid : Yana amsawa cikin sauƙi da acid. Misali, lokacin da sodium cyanide ya amsa da sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), wannan martanin yana faruwa: 2NaCN + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + 2HCN. Sakin iskar hydrogen cyanide a cikin irin waɗannan halayen yana da matuƙar haɗari saboda yawan gubarsa.

• Tsarin Hadakar Karfe : Sodium cyanide yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da ƙarfe. A gaban iskar oxygen da ruwa, yana iya narkar da ƙarfe masu daraja kamar zinariya da azurfa. Ga zinariya, martanin shine kamar haka: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Ana amfani da wannan kadarar sosai a masana'antar haƙar ma'adinai don haƙo zinare.

Shiri

A masana'antu, sodium cyanide yana samuwa ne ta hanyar amsawar hydrogen cyanide (HCN) tare da sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Ma'aunin sinadari don wannan amsa shine: HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Ana iya samar da cyanide na hydrogen ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar tsarin Andrussow, wanda ya ƙunshi amsawar methane (CH₄), ammonia (NH₃), da oxygen (O₂) a kan platinum - rhodium catalyst a yanayin zafi mai girma.

amfani

Masana'antar Haraji

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman aikace-aikacen sodium cyanide shine wajen haƙo zinare da sauran ƙarfe masu daraja daga ma'adanai. Tsarin, wanda aka sani da Cyanidation , ya ƙunshi amfani da maganin sodium cyanide don narkar da zinare da azurfa daga ma'adanai. Sannan ana dawo da ƙarfe da aka narkar ta hanyar jerin hanyoyin sinadarai. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar sosai saboda ingancinta da ƙarancin farashi wajen haƙo ƙarfe masu daraja daga ma'adanai masu ƙarancin daraja.

Masana'antar Kemikal

Sodium cyanide yana aiki a matsayin tsaka-tsaki mai mahimmanci a cikin samar da nau'ikan mahadi masu yawa. Ana amfani dashi a cikin haɗin nitriles, waɗanda ke da mahimmancin ginin gine-gine a cikin masana'antun magunguna, agrochemical, da kuma polymer. Misali, ana amfani da ita wajen samar da sinadarin cyanuric chloride, wanda ake kara amfani da shi wajen kera maganin ciyawa, da maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta, da rini.

Girkawa

A cikin masana'antar lantarki, ana amfani da sodium cyanide a cikin wasu wanka na plating, musamman don sanya karafa kamar tagulla, azurfa, da zinariya. Yana taimakawa wajen samar da nau'in nau'i na nau'i na nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i. Cyanide ions a cikin plating bath hadaddun tare da karfe ions, sauƙaƙa da ajiya na santsi kuma ko da karfe Layer.

Hadarin Lafiya

Kayan aikin guba

Sodium cyanide yana da guba sosai. Lokacin da aka sha, shaka, ko shanye ta cikin fata, yana rabuwa don sakin ions cyanide (CN⁻). Wadannan ions cyanide suna ɗaure da ƙarfe (III) a cikin cytochrome c oxidase, wani enzyme a cikin mitochondria na sel. Wannan ɗaure yana hana aikin enzyme, yana hana canja wurin electrons a cikin sarkar jigilar lantarki. Sakamakon haka, sel sun kasa yin amfani da iskar oxygen yadda ya kamata, wanda ke haifar da yanayin asphyxiation na salula. Ko da ƙananan adadin sodium cyanide na iya zama m.

Tasirin Bayyanar Mummuna

• Cin Abinci : Shan sinadarin sodium cyanide na iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka cikin sauri. Alamomin farko na iya haɗawa da ƙonewa a baki da makogwaro, sai kuma tashin zuciya, amai, ciwon ciki, da gudawa. Yayin da gubar ke ci gaba, akwai yiwuwar samun wahalar numfashi, bugun zuciya mai sauri ko mara tsari, jiri, ciwon kai, da ruɗani. Lalacewar jiki mai tsanani na iya haifar da farfadiya, rasa sani, da mutuwa cikin mintuna zuwa awanni.

• Shaƙa : Shaƙa iskar hydrogen cyanide, wadda za a iya fitar da ita daga sodium cyanide a gaban danshi ko acid, ita ma tana da matuƙar haɗari. Alamomin shaƙatawa na iya haɗawa da ƙaiƙayin hanyar numfashi, tari, ƙarancin numfashi, matse ƙirji, da kuma jin shaƙa. Shaƙatawa mai yawa na iya haifar da kamawar numfashi da mutuwa cikin sauri.

• Shafar Fata da Ido : Shafar kai tsaye da sinadarin sodium cyanide na iya haifar da ƙaiƙayi da ƙonewa ga fata da idanu. Shafar fata ta tsawon lokaci ko ta yi yawa na iya ba da damar shan cyanide cikin jini, wanda ke haifar da guba a jiki.

Tasirin Bayyanar Tsawon Lokaci

Bayyanawa na yau da kullun zuwa ƙananan matakan sodium cyanide ba shi da yawa amma har yanzu yana iya samun mummunar tasirin lafiya. Yana iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka kamar rauni, gajiya, ciwon kai, matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da lalacewa ga glandar thyroid. Bayyanuwa na dogon lokaci kuma na iya ƙara haɗarin haɓaka cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki kuma yana iya yin illa ga tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da na numfashi.

Aminci da Kulawa

Storage

Sodium cyanide ya kamata a adana shi a cikin sanyi, bushe, da kyau - wuri mai iska daga tushen zafi, ƙonewa, da danshi. Dole ne a adana shi daban daga acid, ma'aikatan oxidizing, da sauran abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Ya kamata a rufe kwantenan da kyau kuma a yi su da kayan da ke da juriya ga lalata ta sodium cyanide, irin su polyethylene mai girma ko ƙarfe. Ya kamata a yi wa wurin ajiya alama a fili tare da alamun gargaɗin da suka dace, kuma yakamata a iyakance damar shiga ga ma'aikata masu izini kawai.

Transport

Lokacin jigilar sodium cyanide, dole ne a bi tsauraran ka'idoji. An rarraba shi azaman abu mai haɗari, kuma jigilar sa yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin sufuri na ƙasa da ƙasa. Kwantenan da ake amfani da su don sufuri dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙira da buƙatun gini don hana zubewa. A lokacin sufuri, dole ne a kiyaye kayan daga lalacewa ta jiki, matsanancin zafi, da haɗuwa da wasu abubuwa marasa jituwa. Shirye-shiryen mayar da martani na gaggawa da na'urorin zube ya kamata a samu yayin sufuri idan wani hatsari ya faru.

Kulawa da Kariya

• Kayan Kariya na Kai (PPE) : Ma'aikatan da ke amfani da sinadarin sodium cyanide dole ne su sanya kayan kariya masu dacewa, gami da safar hannu masu jure sinadarai, gilashin kariya ko garkuwar fuska, tufafin kariya, da kuma kariyar numfashi. Ya kamata a yi amfani da na'urar numfashi mai ɗauke da kanta (SCBA) idan akwai yiwuwar fallasa ta a matakin da ya fi girma, kamar lokacin da ake fitar da ruwa ko kuma a wuraren da iska ba ta isa ba.

• Gudanar da Injiniya : Wuraren aiki inda ake amfani da sodium cyanide ya kamata su sami tsarin samun iska mai kyau don hana taruwar iskar hydrogen cyanide. Ya kamata a sanya iskar shaƙa ta gida a wuraren da ake sarrafa ko sarrafa sodium cyanide don kama duk wani iskar da aka saki. Ya kamata a tsara duk kayan aikin da ake amfani da su wajen sarrafa sodium cyanide don rage haɗarin ɓullar ruwa da zubewa.

• Horarwa da Amsa Gaggawa : Ma'aikatan da ke fama da sinadarin sodium cyanide ya kamata su sami cikakken horo kan kaddarorinsa, haɗarinsa, hanyoyin magance shi lafiya, da kuma martanin gaggawa. Ya kamata a samar da tsare-tsaren gaggawa, kuma ma'aikata su sami horo kan matakan agajin farko don gubar cyanide, gami da ba da maganin rigakafi idan akwai. Idan akwai zubewa ko sakin abu, ya kamata a bi hanyoyin da suka dace na tsarewa da tsaftacewa nan take don hana yaɗuwar gubar.

Kammalawa

Sodium cyanide, duk da amfaninsa a aikace-aikacen masana'antu daban-daban, abu ne mai hatsarin gaske saboda tsananin guba. Fahimtar kaddarorin sa, amfaninsa, da yuwuwar hadura yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da amincin ma'aikata da muhalli. Ta hanyar aiwatar da tsauraran matakan tsaro da kulawa, ana iya rage haɗarin da ke tattare da sodium cyanide, yana ba da damar ci gaba da amfani da shi a cikin masana'antu inda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa. Koyaya, ci gaba da yin taka tsantsan da bin ka'idojin aminci sun zama dole don hana haɗari da kare lafiyar ɗan adam.