Sodium Cyanide: Kayayyaki, Hatsari, da Matakan Tsaro

Gabatarwa

sodium cyanide (NaCN) wani fili ne na inorganic wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikace-aikacen masana'antu daban-daban. Koyaya, yanayinsa mai guba yana buƙatar tsayayyen kulawa da ƙa'idodin aminci. Wannan labarin yana bincika kaddarorin, amfani, da haɗarin haɗari masu alaƙa da su Sodium cyanide.

Chemical da Properties Properties

Tsarin Sinadarai da Tsarin

Sodium cyanide yana da tsarin sinadaran NaCN. Yana da wani fili na ionic wanda ya ƙunshi sodium cation (Na⁺) da anion cyanide (CN⁻). A cikin tsarin crystal, ana shirya ions sodium da cyanide a cikin lattice mai kama da na sodium chloride. Atom ɗin carbon a cikin ƙungiyar cyanide yana samar da haɗin gwiwa sau uku tare da atom na nitrogen, yana ba CN⁻ ion halayensa na amsawa.

jiki Halaye

• Appearance: Sodium cyanide yawanci yana bayyana a matsayin fari, crystalline m ko foda.

• wari: A busasshen sa, sau da yawa ba shi da wari. Duk da haka, lokacin da yake amsawa da danshi a cikin iska ko ruwa, yana iya samar da iskar hydrogen cyanide (HCN), wanda yake da suma, almond - kamar wari. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ba kowa ba ne zai iya gano warin hydrogen cyanide, saboda ikon yin hakan an ƙaddara ta asali.

• Narkewa Da Tafasa: Yana da matsakaicin matsakaiciyar narkewar 563.7 ° C da wurin tafasa na 1496 ° C.

• solubility: Sodium cyanide yana narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa. A haƙiƙa, gram 38.9 na NaCN na iya narkewa a cikin milliliters 100 na ruwa a 20 ° C. Hakanan yana narkewa a cikin sauran kaushi na polar kamar ammonia, ethanol, da methanol.

Sinadarin Reactivity

• Hydrolysis: Sodium cyanide shine gishiri mai rauni acid, hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Idan ya hadu da ruwa, sai ya sha hydrolysis, yana samar da iskar hydrogen cyanide. Ma'aunin sinadari don wannan amsa shine: NaCN + H₂O ⇌ NaOH + HCN. Wannan halayen na iya faruwa ko da tare da danshi na yanayi, yana yin m sodium Cyanide yuwuwar tushen fitar da iskar gas mai guba.

• Ra'ayin Acid: Yana amsawa da sauri tare da acid. Misali, lokacin sodium cyanide reacts da sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), da wadannan dauki faruwa: 2NaCN + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + 2HCN. Sakin iskar hydrogen cyanide a irin wadannan halayen yana da matukar hadari saboda yawan guba.

• Ƙarfe Complex Formation: Sodium cyanide yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi ga karafa. A gaban iskar oxygen da ruwa, zai iya narkar da karafa masu daraja kamar zinariya da azurfa. Ga zinari, abin da ya faru shine kamar haka: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Ana amfani da wannan kadarorin sosai a cikin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai don hakar gwal.

Shiri

A masana'antu, sodium cyanide yana samuwa ne ta hanyar amsawar hydrogen cyanide (HCN) tare da sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Ma'aunin sinadari don wannan amsa shine: HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Ana iya samar da cyanide na hydrogen ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar tsarin Andrussow, wanda ya ƙunshi amsawar methane (CH₄), ammonia (NH₃), da oxygen (O₂) a kan platinum - rhodium catalyst a yanayin zafi mai girma.

amfani

Masana'antar Haraji

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman aikace-aikacen sodium cyanide shine a cikin hakar zinariya da sauran karafa masu daraja daga ma'adinai. Tsarin, wanda aka sani da Cyanidation, ya ƙunshi amfani da maganin sodium cyanide don narkar da zinariya da azurfa daga ma'adinan su. Ana samun narkar da karafa ta hanyar jerin hanyoyin sinadarai. Ana amfani da wannan hanya ta ko'ina saboda ingancinta da ƙarancin farashi wajen fitar da karafa masu daraja daga ma'adanai marasa daraja.

Masana'antar Kemikal

Sodium cyanide yana aiki a matsayin tsaka-tsaki mai mahimmanci a cikin samar da nau'ikan mahadi masu yawa. Ana amfani dashi a cikin haɗin nitriles, waɗanda ke da mahimmancin ginin gine-gine a cikin masana'antun magunguna, agrochemical, da kuma polymer. Misali, ana amfani da ita wajen samar da sinadarin cyanuric chloride, wanda ake kara amfani da shi wajen kera maganin ciyawa, da maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta, da rini.

Girkawa

A cikin masana'antar lantarki, ana amfani da sodium cyanide a cikin wasu wanka na plating, musamman don sanya karafa kamar tagulla, azurfa, da zinariya. Yana taimakawa wajen samar da nau'in nau'i na nau'i na nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i. Cyanide ions a cikin plating bath hadaddun tare da karfe ions, sauƙaƙa da ajiya na santsi kuma ko da karfe Layer.

Hadarin Lafiya

Kayan aikin guba

Sodium cyanide yana da guba sosai. Lokacin da aka sha, shaka, ko shanye ta cikin fata, yana rabuwa don sakin ions cyanide (CN⁻). Wadannan ions cyanide suna ɗaure da ƙarfe (III) a cikin cytochrome c oxidase, wani enzyme a cikin mitochondria na sel. Wannan ɗaure yana hana aikin enzyme, yana hana canja wurin electrons a cikin sarkar jigilar lantarki. Sakamakon haka, sel sun kasa yin amfani da iskar oxygen yadda ya kamata, wanda ke haifar da yanayin asphyxiation na salula. Ko da ƙananan adadin sodium cyanide na iya zama m.

Tasirin Bayyanar Mummuna

• Ingestion: Ciwon sodium cyanide zai iya haifar da saurin bayyanar cututtuka. Alamun farko na iya haɗawa da ƙonewa a baki da makogwaro, sannan tashin zuciya, amai, ciwon ciki, da gudawa. Yayin da guba ke ci gaba, ana iya samun wahalar numfashi, saurin bugun zuciya ko rashin daidaituwa, juwa, ciwon kai, da rudani. Lamurra masu tsanani na iya haifar da kamewa, asarar sani, da mutuwa cikin mintuna zuwa sa'o'i.

• Inhalation: Shakar iskar hydrogen cyanide, wanda ake iya fitarwa daga sodium cyanide a gaban danshi ko acid, shima yana da matukar hadari. Alamomin fiddawar numfashi na iya haɗawa da hushi na fili na numfashi, tari, gajeriyar numfashi, maƙarƙashiyar ƙirji, da jin shaƙa. Fitowar numfashi mai girma na iya haifar da kama numfashi da mutuwa da sauri.

• Sadarwar Fata da Ido: Haɗuwa kai tsaye tare da sodium cyanide na iya haifar da haushi da ƙonewa ga fata da idanu. Tsawon lokaci ko tsayin daka na fata na iya ba da izinin shiga cikin cyanide a cikin jini, wanda zai haifar da guba na tsari.

Tasirin Bayyanar Tsawon Lokaci

Bayyanawa na yau da kullun zuwa ƙananan matakan sodium cyanide ba shi da yawa amma har yanzu yana iya samun mummunar tasirin lafiya. Yana iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka kamar rauni, gajiya, ciwon kai, matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da lalacewa ga glandar thyroid. Bayyanuwa na dogon lokaci kuma na iya ƙara haɗarin haɓaka cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki kuma yana iya yin illa ga tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da na numfashi.

Aminci da Kulawa

Storage

Sodium cyanide ya kamata a adana shi a cikin sanyi, bushe, da kyau - wuri mai iska daga tushen zafi, ƙonewa, da danshi. Dole ne a adana shi daban daga acid, ma'aikatan oxidizing, da sauran abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Ya kamata a rufe kwantenan da kyau kuma a yi su da kayan da ke da juriya ga lalata ta sodium cyanide, irin su polyethylene mai girma ko ƙarfe. Ya kamata a yi wa wurin ajiya alama a fili tare da alamun gargaɗin da suka dace, kuma yakamata a iyakance damar shiga ga ma'aikata masu izini kawai.

Transport

Lokacin jigilar sodium cyanide, dole ne a bi tsauraran ka'idoji. An rarraba shi azaman abu mai haɗari, kuma jigilar sa yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin sufuri na ƙasa da ƙasa. Kwantenan da ake amfani da su don sufuri dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙira da buƙatun gini don hana zubewa. A lokacin sufuri, dole ne a kiyaye kayan daga lalacewa ta jiki, matsanancin zafi, da haɗuwa da wasu abubuwa marasa jituwa. Shirye-shiryen mayar da martani na gaggawa da na'urorin zube ya kamata a samu yayin sufuri idan wani hatsari ya faru.

Kulawa da Kariya

• Kayan Kare Keɓaɓɓen (PPE): Ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa sodium cyanide dole ne su sa PPE mai dacewa, gami da safofin hannu masu juriya, tabarau na tsaro ko garkuwar fuska, suturar kariya, da kariya ta numfashi. Ya kamata a yi amfani da na'urar numfashi mai ƙunshe da kai (SCBA) idan akwai yuwuwar fallasa babban matakin, kamar lokacin amsa zube ko a wuraren da ba su da iska.

• Gudanarwar Injiniya: Wuraren aiki da ake amfani da sodium cyanide ya kamata su kasance da tsarin samun iska mai kyau don hana tarawar iskar hydrogen cyanide. Ya kamata a shigar da iskar shaye-shaye na gida a wuraren da ake sarrafa sodium cyanide ko sarrafa don kama duk wani iskar da aka saki. Duk kayan aikin da ake amfani da su wajen sarrafa sodium cyanide yakamata a tsara su don rage haɗarin ɗigo da zubewa.

• Horo da Amsar Gaggawa: Ma'aikatan da ke kula da sodium cyanide yakamata su sami cikakkiyar horo akan kaddarorin sa, hatsarori, hanyoyin kula da lafiya, da amsa gaggawa. Ya kamata a samar da tsare-tsaren ba da agajin gaggawa, kuma ya kamata a horar da ma'aikata a farkon matakan agaji na guba na cyanide, gami da sarrafa magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta idan akwai. Idan akwai zubewa ko saki, yakamata a bi tsarin tsarewa da tsaftacewa nan da nan don hana yaduwar abu mai guba.

Kammalawa

Sodium cyanide, duk da amfaninsa a aikace-aikacen masana'antu daban-daban, abu ne mai hatsarin gaske saboda tsananin guba. Fahimtar kaddarorin sa, amfaninsa, da yuwuwar hadura yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da amincin ma'aikata da muhalli. Ta hanyar aiwatar da tsauraran matakan tsaro da kulawa, ana iya rage haɗarin da ke tattare da sodium cyanide, yana ba da damar ci gaba da amfani da shi a cikin masana'antu inda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa. Koyaya, ci gaba da yin taka tsantsan da bin ka'idojin aminci sun zama dole don hana haɗari da kare lafiyar ɗan adam.