Ndi Zinthu Ziti Zomwe Zingatengedwe Pama Chemical Zomwe Sodium Cyanide Ingagwiritsidwe Ntchito Kukonzekera?

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi poizoni kwambiri koma zofunika mankhwala zopangira. Zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana Zochokera ku Chemical chifukwa cha reactivity wa gulu cyanide (-CN). Nazi zina mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimachokera kumankhwala zomwe zitha kukonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Sodium cyanide:

Ma Inorganic Cyanide Derivatives

1. Ferrocyanides: Sodium cyanide imachita ndi mchere wachitsulo kupanga ferroCyanides. Mwachitsanzo, anachita za Sodium Cyanide ndi ferrous sulfate amatha kutulutsa sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Chigawochi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mitundu ya buluu monga buluu ya Prussian, komanso imagwira ntchito m'makampani azakudya ngati anticaking agent mumchere. Chemical reaction ikhoza kuyimiridwa motere:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2.Cyanide Complexes of Metals: Sodium cyanide imatha kupanga zovuta ndi ayoni ambiri azitsulo. Mu m'zigawo za golide ndi siliva Mwachitsanzo, pamaso pa mpweya, golide ndi siliva amachita ndi sodium cyanide kupanga zitsulo zosungunuka za cyanide. Kwa golide, zomwe zimachitika ndi izi:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Mitsuko iyi - cyanide imasinthidwanso kuti ipeze zitsulo zoyera. Kuphatikiza pa golidi ndi siliva, sodium cyanide imatha kupanganso ma complexes okhala ndi zitsulo monga mkuwa, zinki, ndi faifi tambala, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu electroplating ndi mafakitale ena. Mwachitsanzo, mu electroplating, zitsulo - ma cyanide complexes amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma electrolytes kuti atsimikizire kuti chitsulocho chili chosalala komanso chofanana pa gawo lapansi.

Zotengera za Organic Cyanide

1.Malonic Acid Derivatives: Sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zotumphukira za malonic acid. Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino ndikuyankhira sodium cyanide ndi chloroacetic acid kupanga cyanoacetic acid poyamba. Zomwe zimachitika ndi:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

Cyanoacetic acid imatha kupangidwanso kuti ipange malonic acid esters, monga diethyl malonate. Zochokera ku malonic acid ndizofunikira zomangira pakupanga organic, makamaka pakuphatikizika kwamankhwala, utoto, ndi zokometsera. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Knoevenagel condensation ndi machitidwe ena kuti apange mamolekyu ovuta kwambiri.

2.Nitrile Compounds: Sodium cyanide angagwiritsidwe ntchito kutembenuza haloalkanes kapena aryl halides kukhala nitriles kudzera nucleophilic m'malo reactions. Mwachitsanzo, pamene bromoethane imachita ndi sodium cyanide, propionitrile imapangidwa:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

Nitriles ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Atha kupangidwa ndi hydrolyzed kupanga ma carboxylic acid, kuchepetsedwa kukhala ma amine, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala a heterocyclic. M'makampani opanga mankhwala, mankhwala ambiri amakhala ndi magulu ogwira ntchito a nitrile, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide mu kaphatikizidwe ka nitriles kumapereka njira yofunikira yopangira mankhwalawa.

3.Cyanohydrins: Aldehydes ndi ketoni amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi sodium cyanide pamaso pa asidi chothandizira kupanga cyanohydrins. Mwachitsanzo, zomwe acetone amachita ndi sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

Ma cyanohydrins ndi othandiza pakati pa kaphatikizidwe ka organic. Atha kusinthidwanso kukhala magulu osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito, monga ma carboxylic acid, ma amines, ndi ma alcohols, ndi machitidwe oyenera amankhwala. Pakuphatikiza kwazinthu zachilengedwe ndi mankhwala, ma cyanohydrins amatenga gawo lofunikira popanga mafupa a kaboni ndi kuyambitsa magulu ogwira ntchito.

4.Zochokera ku Triazine: Popanga mankhwala monga melamine, sodium cyanide amatha kukhudzidwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika. Ngakhale kuti kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji kungakhale kovuta ndipo kawirikawiri kumaphatikizapo masitepe angapo, gulu la cyanide kuchokera ku sodium cyanide limathandizira kupanga mapangidwe a mphete ya triazine. Melamine amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mapulasitiki, zomatira, ndi zokutira. Chitsanzo china ndi kaphatikizidwe ka cyanuric chloride (trichlorotriazine), yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri popanga mankhwala ophera tizirombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndi utoto wokhazikika. Kaphatikizidwe ka cyanuric chloride kuchokera ku sodium cyanide nthawi zambiri kumakhudza zinthu zingapo kuphatikiza chlorination wa cyanide - zokhudzana ndi zoyambira.

5.Amino Acids ndi Zotuluka Zawo: Munjira zina zopangira ma amino acid, sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mu kaphatikizidwe ka Strecker ka amino acid, aldehyde kapena ketone imakhudzidwa ndi ammonia ndi sodium cyanide kupanga aminonitrile yapakatikati, yomwe imapangidwa ndi hydrolyzed kuti igwirizane ndi amino acid. Kuyambira ndi aldehyde RCHO, zotsatira zake ndi izi:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

Ma amino acid ndizomwe zimamanga mapuloteni ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale azakudya, azamankhwala, ndi zodzikongoletsera.

Tiyenera kugogomezera kuti chifukwa cha poizoni wambiri wa sodium cyanide, njira zotetezera chitetezo ndi njira zogwirira ntchito ziyenera kutsatiridwa panthawi yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zotumphukira zamtunduwu kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito ndi chilengedwe.