Kuchiza kwa Cyanide Yoopsa Kwambiri - Yokhala Ndi Zinyalala Zamadzimadzi

Zakumwa zotayira za cyanide - zomwe zili ndi zinyalala ndi zoopsa kwambiri ndipo zimawopseza thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, kusamalira bwino zamadzi otayira amenewa ndikofunikira kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza njira zingapo zodziwika bwino zochizira zamadzi otayira za cyanide omwe ali ndi poizoni wambiri.

1. Njira za Oxidation Chemical

1.1 Njira ya Alkaline Chlorination

• Mfundo : Mu malo okhala ndi alkaline, zinthu zamphamvu zopangitsa kuti ma oxygen azigwira ntchito monga mpweya wa chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, kapena calcium hypochlorite zimawonjezeredwa ku cyanide - madzi otayira. Ma ion a hypochlorite amachitapo kanthu ndi ma ion a cyanide munjira ziwiri. Choyamba, cyanide imasinthidwa kukhala cyanate, kenako imasinthidwa kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni monga Carbon dioxide ndi mpweya wa nayitrogeni.

• Kuyenda kwa Njira :

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• Kusintha kwa pH : Yambani powonjezera sodium hydroxide ku cyanide - yokhala ndi zinyalala zamadzimadzi kuti pH ikhale pakati pa 10 - 11.

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• Kuwonjezera Oxidant : Pang'onopang'ono onjezerani kuchuluka koyenera kwa oxidant wosankhidwa, monga sodium hypochlorite solution. Kuchuluka kwa oxidant komwe kumafunikira kumadalira kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu madzi otayira. Sakanizani mosalekeza panthawi yowonjezera kuti muwonetsetse kuti mukusakaniza bwino.

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• Kuchitapo Kanthu ndi Kuyang'anira : Lolani kuti kuchitapo kanthu kupitirire kwa maola angapo ndipo nthawi zonse muziyang'ana kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayira. Njira zodziwika bwino zowunikira zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide - ma electrode enaake kapena njira za colorimetric.

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• Kuletsa ndi Kutulutsa : Pamene yankho latha ndipo kuchuluka kwa cyanide kukukwaniritsa muyezo wotulutsira (nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepera 0.5 mg/L m'madera ambiri), sinthani pH ya madzi otayira kukhala osalowerera (pH = 6 - 9) ndi asidi woyenera monga sulfuric acid, kenako mutulutse.

1.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation Njira

• Mfundo : Hydrogen peroxide ndi mankhwala amphamvu owonjezera okosijeni. Pakakhala chothandizira monga ma ayoni amkuwa, imatha kuchulukitsa ma ayoni a cyanide mumadzimadzi otayira, ndikusandutsa cyanide kukhala nayitrogeni ndi carbon dioxide yopanda poizoni.

• Kuyenda kwa Njira :

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• Kusintha kwa pH : Sinthani pH ya cyanide - yokhala ndi zinyalala zamadzimadzi kukhala acidic, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi pH = 3 - 5, chifukwa ma oxidation reaction a hydrogen peroxide ndi cyanide amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri mukakhala ndi acidic.

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• Kuwonjezera pa Catalyst ndi Hydrogen Peroxide : Onjezani pang'ono catalyst, mwachitsanzo, copper sulfate, ku zinyalala zamadzimadzi, kenako pang'onopang'ono onjezerani yankho la hydrogen peroxide. Kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide yomwe yawonjezeredwa kuyenera kukhala kokwanira kuti cyanide ilowe bwino. Popeza kuti reaction ndi exothermic, samalani ndi kuwongolera kutentha kwa reaction kuti mupewe kutentha kwambiri.

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• Kuchitapo Kanthu ndi Kulekanitsa : Mukamaliza kuwonjezera, lolani kuti kuchitapo kanthuko kuchitike kwa kanthawi. Kenako, chitani kulekanitsa madzi olimba, monga kudzera mu sedimentation kapena kusefa, kuti muchotse zinthu zilizonse zomwe zawonongeka, monga hydroxides yachitsulo ngati pali ma ayoni achitsulo olemera mumadzimadzi otayira.

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• Pambuyo pa chithandizo : Wothandizira wothandizidwayo akhoza kupatsidwa chithandizo china pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina, monga kulowetsedwa kwa madzi kapena kulekanitsa nembanemba, kuti atsimikizire kuti khalidwe lomaliza la madzi otuluka likukwaniritsa miyezo yoyenera.

1.3 Njira ya Ozone Oxidation

• Mfundo : Ozone ndi mankhwala amphamvu opangitsa kuti zinthu zisamayende bwino omwe ali ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka ya okosijeni. Akalowetsedwa mu cyanide - madzi otayira, amakumana mwachindunji ndi ma cyanide ion, kuwapangitsa kuti azisakanikirana ndi zinthu zopanda poizoni monga carbonate ndi nayitrogeni. Njira yochitira zinthu ndi yovuta ndipo ingaphatikizepo zinthu zapakati. Kupezeka kwa ma catalyst a ion achitsulo, monga ma copper ndi magnesium ion, kumatha kufulumizitsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika.

• Kuyenda kwa Njira :

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• Kukonza Madzi Otayidwa : Choyamba, chotsani zinyalala zazikulu ndi zinthu zolimba zomwe zili mu cyanide zomwe zili ndi zinyalala mwa kusefa kapena kuyika m'matope. Izi zimaletsa kutsekeka kwa zida zopangira ozone ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zomwe zimachitika zikuyenda bwino.

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• Kupanga Ozone ndi Chiyambi : Gwiritsani ntchito jenereta ya ozone kuti mupange mpweya wa ozone, womwe umalowetsedwa mumadzimadzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chogawa mpweya. Kuchuluka kwa ozone komwe kumayambitsidwa kuyenera kusinthidwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi otayira.

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• Kuchitapo Kanthu ndi Kuyang'anira : Chitani zomwe zimachitika mu thanki yotsekedwa kwa nthawi inayake. Yang'anirani kuchuluka kwa cyanide mumadzimadzi otayira nthawi yeniyeni panthawi ya kuchitapo kanthu. Nthawi yochitirapo kanthu nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa kuposa njira zina zotayira, koma zimatengerabe momwe madzi otayira alili.

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• Kuchiza Madzi Otayira : Pambuyo pa izi, madzi otayira omwe akonzedwa angafunike chithandizo china, monga kusintha pH ndikuchotsa zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi ozone, kuti zikwaniritse miyezo yotulutsira madzi.

2. Thupi - Mankhwala Njira

2.1 Njira Yosinthira Ion

• Mfundo : Ma resini apadera a ion-exchange amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ma resini amenewa ali ndi magulu ogwira ntchito omwe amatha kunyamula ma ioni a cyanide kapena ma complexes achitsulo-cyanide mumadzimadzi otayira. Mwachitsanzo, ma resini ena a anion-exchange amatha kusinthana ma anion awo ndi ma ioni a cyanide mu yankho.

• Kuyenda kwa Njira :

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• Kusankha ndi Kukonzekera Utomoni : Sankhani utomoni woyenera wosinthana ndi ma ion kutengera mawonekedwe a madzi otayira omwe ali ndi cyanide, monga mtundu wa zitsulo zomwe zili ndi cyanide. Sakanizani utomoniwo powutsuka ndi asidi ndi alkali kuti muyambitse ntchito yake yosinthana.

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• Kulongedza Mizati : Ikani utomoni wokonzedwa kale mu mzati wosinthana wa ayoni.

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• Kudutsa Madzi Otayira : Pang'onopang'ono dutsani madzi otayira okhala ndi cyanide kudzera mu gawo la kusinthana kwa ayoni. Yang'anirani kuchuluka kwa madzi otayira kuti muwonetsetse kuti nthawi yokwanira yolumikizirana pakati pa madzi otayira ndi utomoni ikugwirizana.

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• Kukonzanso kwa Resin : Utomoni ukangotenga cyanide pang'ono, umafunika kubwezeretsedwanso. Njira yokonzanso nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira yokonzanso, monga asidi wamphamvu kapena yankho la maziko olimba, kuti muchotse ma ayoni a cyanide odulidwa mu utomoni. Utomoni wokonzanso ungagwiritsidwenso ntchito.

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• Kuchiza Madzi Obwezeretsa : Madzi obwezeretsa, omwe ali ndi cyanide yambiri, amafunika chithandizo china, nthawi zambiri kudzera mu njira zochotsera poizoni zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, kuti asinthe cyanide kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni.

2.2 Njira ya Adsorption

• Mfundo : Ma adsorbents monga Activated Carbon ndi zeolite ali ndi malo akuluakulu komanso mphamvu yayikulu yothira madzi. Amatha kuthira ma ayoni a cyanide ndi zinthu zina zodetsa mumadzimadzi otayira kudzera mu kulowetsedwa kwa thupi, monga mphamvu za van der Waals, ndi kulowetsedwa kwa mankhwala, monga kupanga ma bond a mankhwala ndi magulu ogwira ntchito pamwamba. Mpweya wothira madzi, makamaka, umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yayikulu yothira madzi pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.

• Kuyenda kwa Njira :

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• Kusankha Adsorbent ndi Pretreatment : Sankhani adsorbent yoyenera malinga ndi mtundu wa zinyalala zamadzimadzi. Mwachitsanzo, granular activated carbon nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zinthu zazikulu, pomwe ufa wopangidwa ndi carbon ukhoza kukhala woyenera kwambiri pokonza zinthu zazing'ono kapena zapamwamba. Thirani adsorbent potsuka ndi kuumitsa kuti muchotse zinyalala.

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• Njira Yothira Madzi : Onjezani madzi okhuthala ku madzi otayira omwe ali ndi cyanide ndipo sakanizani mosalekeza kuti muwonjezere malo olumikizirana pakati pa madzi okhuthala ndi madzi otayira. Nthawi yothira madzi imasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide ndi mtundu wa madzi okhuthala, nthawi zambiri kuyambira mphindi zingapo mpaka maola angapo.

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• Kulekanitsa : Mukamaliza kulowetsedwa kwa madzi, lekanitsani adsorbent ndi zinyalala pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga kusefa kapena kusungunula madzi.

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• Kukonzanso kwa Adsorbent : Mofanana ndi utomoni wosinthana wa ion, adsorbent yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imatha kubwezeretsedwanso. Pa kaboni woyatsidwa, njira zokonzanso zimaphatikizapo kukonzanso kutentha (kutenthetsa kaboni woyatsidwa mpaka kutentha kwambiri kuti uchotse zinthu zoyatsidwa) ndi kukonzanso kwa mankhwala (kugwiritsa ntchito ma reagents a mankhwala kuti agwirizane ndi zinthu zoyatsidwa).

3. Njira Zochiritsira Zachilengedwe

• Mfundo : Tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono timatha kuwononga cyanide. Tizilomboti timagwiritsa ntchito cyanide ngati gwero la kaboni, nayitrogeni, kapena mphamvu pansi pa malo enaake. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya ena amatha kusintha cyanide kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni monga ammonia ndi carbon dioxide kudzera mu njira zingapo zopangira ma enzyme. Njira yonseyi imaphatikizapo kagayidwe ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana titha kukhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zochepetsera cyanide.

• Kuyenda kwa Njira :

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• Kusankha Tizilombo ndi Kulima : Sankhani tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timawononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timatha kuchotsedwa m'malo achilengedwe monga nthaka kapena zomera zotsukira madzi otayira. Lima tizilombo toyambitsa matendati mu labotale kuti mupeze tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tokwanira. Malo olimiramo ayenera kukhala ndi michere yoyenera yothandizira kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

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• Kukhazikitsa kwa Reactor : Konzani choyezera chachilengedwe, monga choyezera cha matope choyambitsidwa kapena choyezera cha biofilm. Mu choyezera cha matope choyambitsidwa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala mu mkhalidwe wopachikidwa mumadzimadzi otayira, pomwe mu choyezera cha biofilm, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timalumikizana ndi malo olimba othandizira kuti apange biofilm.

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• Kukonza Madzi Otayidwa : Ikani madzi otayidwa okhala ndi cyanide mu choyezera chachilengedwe. Yang'anirani momwe chilengedwe chilili mu choyezera, kuphatikizapo kutentha (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 25 - 35 °C), pH (nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 7 - 8), ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wosungunuka, kuti mupange malo abwino okhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

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• Kuyang'anira ndi Kulamulira : Kuyang'anira nthawi zonse kuchuluka kwa cyanide ndi magawo ena ofunikira mu madzi otayira panthawi yokonza. Sinthani momwe zinthu zilili pa ntchito ya reactor nthawi yomweyo malinga ndi zotsatira za kuwunika kuti muwonetsetse kuti njira yochizira yachilengedwe ikugwira ntchito bwino.

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• Kuchiza Madzi Otayira : Pambuyo pa chithandizo chachilengedwe, madzi otayira angakhalebe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zinthu zina zochepa zachilengedwe. Kuchiza kwina, monga kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga kuwala kwa ultraviolet kapena kuwonjezera mankhwala ophera tizilombo) ndi kusefa, kungakhale kofunikira kuti tikwaniritse miyezo yotulutsira madzi.

4. Kuganizira mu Chithandizo

• Chitetezo Choyamba : Zakumwa zonyansa zokhala ndi Cyanide ndi zoopsa kwambiri, ndipo ntchito zonse zochizira ziyenera kuchitika pamalo opumira bwino, makamaka pamalo ophikira utsi. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala zida zoyenera zodzitetezera, kuphatikizapo magolovesi olimba, magalasi, ndi zida zotetezera kupuma.

• Kudziwa Kuchuluka Kolondola kwa Mankhwala : Musanalandire chithandizo, yesani molondola kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayira. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri posankha njira yoyenera yochiritsira ndi kudziwa mlingo wa mankhwala ochiritsira.

• Chithandizo Chophatikizana : Nthawi zambiri, njira imodzi yochizira singakwanire kukwaniritsa miyezo yonse yotulutsira madzi. Chifukwa chake, ganizirani kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochizira zophatikizana. Mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza kwa okosijeni wa mankhwala ndi chithandizo chachilengedwe nthawi zambiri kungapangitse zotsatira zabwino za chithandizo.

• Zotsatira Zachilengedwe : Posankha njira zochiritsira ndi mankhwala, ganizirani momwe zingakhudzire chilengedwe. Sankhani njira ndi mankhwala omwe ndi abwino kwa chilengedwe ndipo sayambitsa kuipitsa kwambiri.

• Kutsatira Malamulo : Onetsetsani kuti njira yoyeretsera ndi khalidwe lomaliza la madzi otuluka zikutsatira malamulo oyenera a dziko lonse komanso am'deralo oteteza chilengedwe. Yang'anirani nthawi zonse ndikupereka lipoti la zotsatira za kuyeretsa ku madipatimenti oyenera oteteza chilengedwe.

Pomaliza, mankhwala a poizoni cyanide - munali zinyalala zamadzimadzi kumafuna mwatsatanetsatane zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Posankha njira yoyenera yochizira ndikutsata mosamalitsa njira zogwirira ntchito, titha kuchepetsa kawopsedwe ka cyanide - okhala ndi zakumwa zonyansa ndikuteteza chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu.