Liquid Sodium Cyanide: Chemical Properties ndi Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana

Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), chinthu chodziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zogwirira ntchito komanso poizoni wambiri, chilipo m'mitundu yonse yolimba komanso yamadzimadzi. Sodium Cyanide yamadzimadzi , yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati yankho lamadzimadzi, ili ndi zinthu zapadera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale ndi sayansi. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za zinthu za Liquid sodium cyanide ndipo imayang'ana kwambiri momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso ikugogomezera kufunika kwa njira zodzitetezera chifukwa cha kuopsa kwake.

Zakudya Zamakono

1. Kubwezeretsanso

Madzi a sodium cyanide amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ayoni ya cyanide yomwe ilimo. Ikakhala m'madzi, imasweka kukhala ayoni a sodium ndi ayoni a cyanide. Ayoni ya cyanide ndi nucleophile yamphamvu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imafufuza mosavuta ndikuchitapo kanthu ndi zigawo zina za mankhwala achilengedwe ndi osapangidwa omwe alibe ma electron. Mwachitsanzo, mu kapangidwe ka Organic , imatha kuchita zinthu zosinthira ma nucleophilic. Pa nthawi ya machitidwe amenewa, ayoni ya cyanide imalowa m'malo mwa gulu linalake mkati mwa molekyulu ya organic halide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano watsopano pakati pa kaboni ndi nayitrogeni. Kuchitapo kanthu kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake popanga mamolekyu ovuta achilengedwe.

2. Kusungunuka

Sodium cyanide imasungunuka bwino kwambiri m'madzi, ndikupanga mayankho omveka bwino, opanda mtundu. Kusungunuka kwake kwakukulu kumachitika chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka ionic kwambiri. Ma ioni a sodium omwe ali ndi mphamvu zabwino amakopeka ndi maatomu a okosijeni omwe ali ndi mphamvu zoyipa m'mamolekyu amadzi, pomwe ma ioni a cyanide omwe ali ndi mphamvu zoyipa amalumikizana ndi maatomu a haidrojeni omwe ali ndi mphamvu zabwino m'madzi. Kugwirizana kwamphamvu kumeneku pakati pa ma ioni a Sodium cyanide ndi mamolekyu amadzi kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusungunuka kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mayankho a sodium cyanide ochulukirapo.

3. pH ndi Basicity

Madzi amadzimadzi a sodium cyanide ali ndi zinthu zofunika. Cyanide ion ndiye maziko a conjugate a hydrocyanic acid, asidi ofooka. Pamene ayoni a cyanide ali m'madzi, amakumana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa hydrolysis. Pa hydrolysis, ma cyanide ions amachita ndi mamolekyu amadzi, kupanga ma hydrocyanic acid ndi ayoni a hydroxide. Kutulutsidwa kwa ayoni a hydroxide kumawonjezera pH ya yankho. Childs, madzi sodium cyanide njira ndi pH mu osiyanasiyana 11 - 13. kusonyeza kuti kwambiri zamchere.

4. Kuopsa

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zamadzimadzi sodium cyanide ndi kawopsedwe kake. Ioni ya cyanide imamangiriza mosasinthika ku chitsulo (III) ion yomwe ilipo mu cytochrome oxidase, puloteni yomwe ndiyofunikira kwambiri pamayendedwe a ma elekitironi a mitochondrial. Kumangiriza kumeneku kumalepheretsa enzyme kuvomereza ma elekitironi, ndikuletsa kupuma kwa ma cell. Popanda kupuma kwa ma cell, maselo sangathe kupanga adenosine triphosphate (ATP), gwero lamphamvu la maselo. Zotsatira zake, maselo amafa msanga. Kukoka mpweya, kumeza, kapena kukhudzana ndi khungu ndi sodium cyanide yamadzimadzi imatha kupha anthu ndi zamoyo zina.

Masamba Othandizira

1. Kukumba Golide ndi Siliva

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kodziwika bwino kwa sodium cyanide yamadzimadzi ndi ntchito yamigodi, makamaka pochotsa golide ndi siliva. Njirayi, yotchedwa cyanidation, imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osungunuka a sodium cyanide kuti asungunuke golide ndi siliva kuchokera ku miyala yawo. Pamaso pa mpweya ndi madzi, sodium cyanide imachita ndi golidi ndi siliva, kupanga mankhwala omwe amatha kusungunuka mu yankho. Zinthu zosungunukazi zimatha kupatulidwa ndi zitsulo zina zonse. Pambuyo pa kulekana, njira zina monga mvula ndi zinki kapena electrolysis zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwezeretsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Cyanidation ndi njira yotsika mtengo komanso yothandiza yochotsera golide ndi siliva kuchokera ku miyala yamtengo wapatali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri pamigodi yamakono.

2. Organic Synthesis

Mu organic umagwirira, madzi sodium cyanide chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati reagent zosiyanasiyana kaphatikizidwe zimachitikira. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake cholimba cha nucleophilic, imatha kutenga nawo gawo pazosintha za nucleophilic. Mwachitsanzo, popanga nitriles, alkyl halide imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi sodium cyanide mu zosungunulira za organic monga dimethylformamide. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chigawo cha nitrile. Nitriles ndi zofunika wapakatikati mankhwala ntchito synthesis wa mankhwala, agrochemicals, ndi mankhwala ena abwino. Kuphatikiza apo, sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu Strecker amino acid synthesis. Pochita izi, amachitira ndi aldehyde kapena ketone pamaso pa ammonia kupanga gulu lotchedwa α-amino nitrile, lomwe lingathe kukonzedwanso kuti likhale ndi amino acid.

3. Kusintha kwamagetsi

Madzi a sodium cyanide amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira zoyezera electroplating , makamaka pa zitsulo zoyezera electroplating monga golide, siliva, mkuwa, ndi zinc. Mabafa oyezera electroplating okhala ndi Cyanide amapereka zabwino zingapo. Amapereka mphamvu yabwino yoponyera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amatha kuyika chophimba chofanana pa zinthu zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta. Amapangitsanso kuti zitsulo zikhale zowala komanso zosalala ndipo amatsimikizira kuti gawo loyezera electroplating limamatira bwino kuzinthu zomwe zili pansi pake. Mu yankho la electroplating, ma ayoni a cyanide amapanga zinthu zokhazikika ndi ma ayoni achitsulo omwe akupakidwa. Panthawi yoyezera electroplating, zinthuzi zimachepetsedwa pa cathode, ndikuyika gawo lochepa, lofanana la chitsulo pa chinthu chomwe chikupakidwa.

4. Kusamalira Chitsulo ndi Kuyeretsa

M'makampani opangira zitsulo, sodium cyanide yamadzimadzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa ndi kuyeretsa zitsulo. Ikhoza kuchotsa bwino ma oxides apamtunda ndi zonyansa zina kuzitsulo. Reactivity ya ion cyanide imalola kuti igwirizane ndi zitsulo zachitsulo, ndikuzisintha kukhala mankhwala omwe amatha kusungunuka mu yankho. Zinthu zosungunukazi zimatha kutsukidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, sodium cyanide imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakutentha - kuchiza zitsulo kuti zithandizire kukulitsa mawonekedwe awo, monga kukulitsa kuuma kwawo komanso kukana kuvala.

Zilingaliro Za Chitetezo

Popeza kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe ka sodium cyanide yamadzimadzi, chitetezo chokhazikika chiyenera kutsatiridwa pochigwira, kuchisunga, ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito. Ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide ayenera kuphunzitsidwa mokwanira za njira zoyenera zotetezera. Izi zikuphatikiza kuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera (PPE) monga magolovesi, magalasi, ndi zopumira molondola. Malo osungiramo sodium cyanide ayenera kupangidwa kuti ateteze kutayikira komanso kuonetsetsa mpweya wabwino kuti asachuluke ndi cyanide - yomwe ili ndi nthunzi. Pakatayika, njira zoyenera zoyankhira mwadzidzidzi, monga kusokoneza sodium cyanide ndi oxidizing oxidizing ngati sodium hypochlorite, ziyenera kuchitika nthawi yomweyo kuti ziteteze kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe ndikuteteza thanzi la munthu.

Kutsiliza

Liquid sodium cyanide, yokhala ndi mankhwala apadera, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale angapo. Kuyambira m'zigawo za zitsulo zamtengo wapatali mu migodi ndi kaphatikizidwe wa zovuta mamolekyu organic ndi zitsulo pamwamba mankhwala, ntchito zake n'zosiyana ndi kutali. Komabe, kawopsedwe wake wamkulu amafunikira kusamala kwambiri komanso kutsatira mosamalitsa ma protocol achitetezo. Pamene mafakitale akupitilirabe kusintha, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi a sodium cyanide kumakhalabe kofunikira pakukula kwachuma komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi anthu.