Liquid Sodium Cyanide: Chemical Properties ndi Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana

Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN), gulu lodziwika bwino chifukwa champhamvu komanso kawopsedwe kwambiri, limapezeka mumitundu yolimba komanso yamadzimadzi. Madzi Sodium Cyanide, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati njira yamadzimadzi, imakhala ndi zinthu zapadera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana ndi sayansi. Tsamba ili labulogu likufotokoza za mankhwala a Madzi a sodium cyanide ndikuwunikanso magawo ake osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito, pomwe ndikugogomezera kufunikira kwachitetezo chachitetezo chifukwa cha kuopsa kwake.

Zakudya Zamakono

1. Kubwezeretsanso

Zamadzi sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha cyanide ion yomwe ili nayo. Ikakhala m'madzi, imasweka kukhala ayoni a sodium ndi ayoni a cyanide. Ioni ya cyanide ndi nucleophile yamphamvu, kutanthauza kuti imafufuza mosavuta ndikuchitapo kanthu ndi zigawo zina zamagulu achilengedwe ndi achilengedwe omwe alibe ma elekitironi. Mu Organic kaphatikizidwe, mwachitsanzo, imatha kuchita nawo ma nucleophilic substitution reaction. Panthawi imeneyi, ion cyanide imalowa m'malo mwa gulu linalake mkati mwa molekyulu ya halide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano watsopano pakati pa carbon ndi nitrogen. Reactivity iyi ndiyofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake popanga mamolekyu ovuta.

2. Kusungunuka

Sodium cyanide amasungunuka bwino kwambiri m'madzi, kupanga zowoneka bwino, zopanda mtundu. Kusungunuka kwake kwakukulu ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake a ionic. Ma ion a sodium okhala ndi mpweya wabwino amakopeka ndi maatomu a okosijeni omwe ali m'madzi amadzi, pomwe maatomu a cyanide oyipa amalumikizana ndi maatomu a haidrojeni omwe ali m'madzi. Izi amphamvu kugwirizana pakati pa Sodium cyanide ma ion ndi mamolekyu amadzi amathandizira kusungunuka kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zopangira sodium cyanide.

3. pH ndi Basicity

Madzi amadzimadzi a sodium cyanide ali ndi zinthu zofunika. Cyanide ion ndiye maziko a conjugate a hydrocyanic acid, asidi ofooka. Pamene ayoni a cyanide ali m'madzi, amakumana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa hydrolysis. Pa hydrolysis, ma cyanide ions amachita ndi mamolekyu amadzi, kupanga ma hydrocyanic acid ndi ayoni a hydroxide. Kutulutsidwa kwa ayoni a hydroxide kumawonjezera pH ya yankho. Childs, madzi sodium cyanide njira ndi pH mu osiyanasiyana 11 - 13. kusonyeza kuti kwambiri zamchere.

4. Kuopsa

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zamadzimadzi sodium cyanide ndi kawopsedwe kake. Ioni ya cyanide imamangiriza mosasinthika ku chitsulo (III) ion yomwe ilipo mu cytochrome oxidase, puloteni yomwe ndiyofunikira kwambiri pamayendedwe a ma elekitironi a mitochondrial. Kumangiriza kumeneku kumalepheretsa enzyme kuvomereza ma elekitironi, ndikuletsa kupuma kwa ma cell. Popanda kupuma kwa ma cell, maselo sangathe kupanga adenosine triphosphate (ATP), gwero lamphamvu la maselo. Zotsatira zake, maselo amafa msanga. Kukoka mpweya, kumeza, kapena kukhudzana ndi khungu ndi sodium cyanide yamadzimadzi imatha kupha anthu ndi zamoyo zina.

Masamba Othandizira

1. Kukumba Golide ndi Siliva

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kodziwika bwino kwa sodium cyanide yamadzimadzi ndi ntchito yamigodi, makamaka pochotsa golide ndi siliva. Njirayi, yotchedwa cyanidation, imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osungunuka a sodium cyanide kuti asungunuke golide ndi siliva kuchokera ku miyala yawo. Pamaso pa mpweya ndi madzi, sodium cyanide imachita ndi golidi ndi siliva, kupanga mankhwala omwe amatha kusungunuka mu yankho. Zinthu zosungunukazi zimatha kupatulidwa ndi zitsulo zina zonse. Pambuyo pa kulekana, njira zina monga mvula ndi zinki kapena electrolysis zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwezeretsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Cyanidation ndi njira yotsika mtengo komanso yothandiza yochotsera golide ndi siliva kuchokera ku miyala yamtengo wapatali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri pamigodi yamakono.

2. Organic Synthesis

Mu organic umagwirira, madzi sodium cyanide chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati reagent zosiyanasiyana kaphatikizidwe zimachitikira. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake cholimba cha nucleophilic, imatha kutenga nawo gawo pazosintha za nucleophilic. Mwachitsanzo, popanga nitriles, alkyl halide imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi sodium cyanide mu zosungunulira za organic monga dimethylformamide. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chigawo cha nitrile. Nitriles ndi zofunika wapakatikati mankhwala ntchito synthesis wa mankhwala, agrochemicals, ndi mankhwala ena abwino. Kuphatikiza apo, sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu Strecker amino acid synthesis. Pochita izi, amachitira ndi aldehyde kapena ketone pamaso pa ammonia kupanga gulu lotchedwa α-amino nitrile, lomwe lingathe kukonzedwanso kuti likhale ndi amino acid.

3. Kusintha kwamagetsi

Madzi a sodium cyanide amagwiritsidwa ntchito Pachikuz njira, makamaka zitsulo electroplating monga golide, siliva, mkuwa, ndi nthaka. Masamba osambira a cyanide okhala ndi electroplating amapereka maubwino angapo. Amapereka mphamvu yabwino yoponyera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti akhoza kuyika zokutira yunifolomu pazinthu zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta. Zimapangitsanso zitsulo zowala komanso zosalala komanso zimatsimikizira kumamatira kwabwino kwa wosanjikiza wokutidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zili pansi. Mu njira ya electroplating, ayoni a cyanide amapanga mankhwala okhazikika ndi ayoni achitsulo omwe akukutidwa. Panthawi ya electroplating, mankhwalawa amachepetsedwa pa cathode, ndikuyika chitsulo chopyapyala, ngakhale chosanjikiza chachitsulo pa chinthu chomwe chimakutidwa.

4. Kusamalira Chitsulo ndi Kuyeretsa

M'makampani opangira zitsulo, sodium cyanide yamadzimadzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa ndi kuyeretsa zitsulo. Ikhoza kuchotsa bwino ma oxides apamtunda ndi zonyansa zina kuzitsulo. Reactivity ya ion cyanide imalola kuti igwirizane ndi zitsulo zachitsulo, ndikuzisintha kukhala mankhwala omwe amatha kusungunuka mu yankho. Zinthu zosungunukazi zimatha kutsukidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, sodium cyanide imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakutentha - kuchiza zitsulo kuti zithandizire kukulitsa mawonekedwe awo, monga kukulitsa kuuma kwawo komanso kukana kuvala.

Zilingaliro Za Chitetezo

Popeza kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe ka sodium cyanide yamadzimadzi, chitetezo chokhazikika chiyenera kutsatiridwa pochigwira, kuchisunga, ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito. Ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide ayenera kuphunzitsidwa mokwanira za njira zoyenera zotetezera. Izi zikuphatikiza kuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera (PPE) monga magolovesi, magalasi, ndi zopumira molondola. Malo osungiramo sodium cyanide ayenera kupangidwa kuti ateteze kutayikira komanso kuonetsetsa mpweya wabwino kuti asachuluke ndi cyanide - yomwe ili ndi nthunzi. Pakatayika, njira zoyenera zoyankhira mwadzidzidzi, monga kusokoneza sodium cyanide ndi oxidizing oxidizing ngati sodium hypochlorite, ziyenera kuchitika nthawi yomweyo kuti ziteteze kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe ndikuteteza thanzi la munthu.

Kutsiliza

Liquid sodium cyanide, yokhala ndi mankhwala apadera, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale angapo. Kuyambira m'zigawo za zitsulo zamtengo wapatali mu migodi ndi kaphatikizidwe wa zovuta mamolekyu organic ndi zitsulo pamwamba mankhwala, ntchito zake n'zosiyana ndi kutali. Komabe, kawopsedwe wake wamkulu amafunikira kusamala kwambiri komanso kutsatira mosamalitsa ma protocol achitetezo. Pamene mafakitale akupitilirabe kusintha, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi a sodium cyanide kumakhalabe kofunikira pakukula kwachuma komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi anthu.