Sodium Cyanide: Zvivakwa, Njodzi, uye Chengetedzo Matanho

ziviso

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) chinhu chisina kugadzirwa chinoshanda zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, hunhu hwayo hune chepfu hwakawanda hunoda kubatwa kwakasimba uye nzira dzekuchengetedza. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora hunhu, mashandisirwo, uye njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzine chekuita neSodium cyanide.

Kemikari uye Panyama Zvivakwa

Chemical Formula uye Chimiro

Sodium cyanide ine fomura yemakemikari inonzi NaCN. Imusanganiswa weionic unoumbwa ne sodium cation (Na⁺) uye cyanide anion (CN⁻). Muchimiro chekristaro, maion e sodium ne cyanide akarongwa mu lattice yakafanana neye sodium chloride. Atomu yeCarbon iri muboka re cyanide inoumba chisungo chetatu neatomu yenitrogen, zvichipa CN⁻ ion maitiro ayo ekuita.

Nhengo dzepanyama

• Chitarisiko : Sodium cyanide inowanzoonekwa sechichena, kristalline solid kana upfu.

• Kunhuhwirira : Kana yaoma, kazhinji hainhuhwiriri. Zvisinei, kana ikasangana nehunyoro mumhepo kana mumvura, inogona kuburitsa gasi rehydrogen cyanide (HCN), iro rine kunhuhwirira kudiki, kwakafanana nekwemuarumondi. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti havasi vese vanogona kuona kunhuhwirira kwehydrogen cyanide, sezvo kugona kwayo kuita izvi kunoenderana nemajini.

• Nzvimbo dzekunyunguduka nedzekufashaira : Ine nzvimbo yekunyunguduka yakakwira ye563.7 °C uye nzvimbo yekufashaira ye1496 °C.

• Kunyungudika : Sodium cyanide inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura. Kutaura zvazviri, 38.9 magiramu eNaCN anogona kunyungudika mu100 milliliters yemvura pa20 °C. Inonyungudikawo mune zvimwe zvinonyungudika zvakaita seammonia, ethanol, uye methanol.

Chemical Reactivity

• Hydrolysis : Sodium cyanide munyu weasidhi isina simba, hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Kana yasangana nemvura, inonyungudika, ichiburitsa gasi rehydrogen cyanide. Chemical equation yeiyi reaction ndeiyi: NaCN + H₂O ⇌ NaOH + HCN. Iyi reaction inogona kuitika kunyangwe paine hunyoro hwemhepo, zvichiita kuti Sodium Cyanide yakasimba ive sosi inogona kuburitsa gasi rine chepfu.

• Maitiro eAcid : Inoita maacid nyore nyore. Semuenzaniso, kana sodium cyanide ikapindirana nesulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), maitiro anotevera anoitika: 2NaCN + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + 2HCN. Kuburitswa kwegasi rehydrogen cyanide mumaitiro akadaro kune njodzi huru nekuda kwehupfu hwayo hwakawanda.

• Kuumbwa kwesimbi yakaoma : Sodium cyanide ine simba guru resimbi. Kana paine okisijeni nemvura, inogona kunyungudutsa simbi dzinokosha dzakadai segoridhe nesirivha. Kune goridhe, maitiro acho ndeekuti: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Iyi pfuma inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemigodhi pakuchera goridhe.

Kugadzirira

Muindasitiri, sodium cyanide inonyanya kugadzirwa nekuita kwehydrogen cyanide (HCN) ine sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Kemikari equation yemaitiro aya ndeiyi: HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Hydrogen cyanide inogona kugadzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana siyana, senge Andrussow process, iyo inosanganisira kuita kwemethane (CH₄), ammonia (NH₃), uye oxygen (O₂) pamusoro peplatinamu - rhodium catalyst pakupisa kwakanyanya.

tizvishandise

Mining Indasitiri

Imwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekushandisa sodium cyanide ndeyekubvisa goridhe nedzimwe simbi dzinokosha kubva mumatombo. Maitiro aya, anozivikanwa seCyanidation , anosanganisira kushandisa sodium cyanide solutions kunyungudutsa goridhe nesirivha kubva mumatombo avo. Simbi dzakanyungudutswa dzinozotorwa kuburikidza nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari. Nzira iyi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushanda kwayo zvakanaka uye mutengo wayo wakaderera mukubvisa simbi dzinokosha kubva mumatombo emhando yakaderera.

Chemical Manufacturing

Sodium cyanide inoshanda seyakakosha yepakati mukugadzirwa kweakasiyana siyana emakemikari emakemikari. Inoshandiswa mukugadzira nitriles, izvo zvakakosha zvidhinha muindasitiri yemishonga, agrochemical, uye polymer. Semuenzaniso, inoshandiswa kugadzira cyanuric chloride, iyo inoshandiswazve mukugadzira mishonga yesora, mishonga yekuuraya utachiona, uye dhayi dzemachira.

electroplating

Muindasitiri ye electroplating, sodium cyanide inoshandiswa mune mamwe mabhati ekuputira, kunyanya yekuisa simbi semhangura, sirivha, uye goridhe. Inobatsira mukugadzirwa kweyunifomu uye yakanamatira simbi yekuputira pane substrate. Iyo cyanide ions munzvimbo yekugezera yekugezera ine simbi ions, zvichiita kuti kuiswa kweiyo yakatsetseka uye kunyange simbi layer.

Njodzi dzehutano

Toxicity Mechanism

Sodium cyanide ine chepfu zvakanyanya. Kana ikapinzwa, ikafemerwa, kana kunyudzwa nemuganda, inopatsanura kuburitsa cyanide ions (CN⁻). Aya maioni ecyanide anosunga kusimbi(III) mu cytochrome c oxidase, enzyme iri mumitochondria yemasero. Kusunga uku kunotadzisa basa ree enzyme, kudzivirira kutamiswa kwemaerekitironi mucheni yekutakura maerekitironi. Somugumisiro, masero haakwanisi kushandisa okisijeni zvinobudirira, zvichiita kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu e-cellular asphyxiation. Kunyange zvishoma zve sodium cyanide zvinogona kuuraya.

Acute Exposure Effects

• Kumedza : Kumedza sodium cyanide kunogona kukonzera zviratidzo zvekukurumidza. Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvinogona kusanganisira kupisa mumuromo nemuhuro, zvichiteverwa nekusvotwa, kurutsa, kurwadziwa mudumbu, uye manyoka. Sezvo chepfu ichienderera mberi, panogona kunge paine kuoma kwekufema, kurova kwemoyo nekukurumidza kana kusina kurongeka, dzungu, musoro, uye kuvhiringidzika. Zviitiko zvakakomba zvinogona kukonzera pfari, kurasikirwa nepfungwa, uye rufu mukati memaminitsi kusvika maawa.

• Kufema : Kufema gasi rehydrogen cyanide, iro rinogona kuburitswa mu sodium cyanide kana paine hunyoro kana acid, kune njodzi huruwo. Zviratidzo zvekufema zvinogona kusanganisira kutsamwa kwenzira yekufema, kukosora, kufema zvishoma, kusimba kwechipfuva, uye kunzwa kudzipwa. Kufema kwakanyanya kunogona kukurumidza kukonzera kumira kwekufema uye kufa.

• Kusangana kweganda nemaziso : Kusangana zvakananga nesodium cyanide kunogona kukonzera kutsamwa uye kutsva paganda nemaziso. Kusangana kweganda kwenguva refu kana kuti kwenguva yakareba kunogonawo kubvumira cyanide kupinda muropa, zvichikonzera chepfu mumuviri.

Chisingaperi Kuratidzwa Migumisiro

Kugara kuratidzwa kune yakaderera mazinga e sodium cyanide haina kuwanda asi inogona kuramba iine hutano hwakakomba. Inogona kukonzera zviratidzo zvakadai sekushaya simba, kuneta, kutemwa nemusoro, matambudziko ekuyeuka, uye kukanganisa kwethyroid gland. Kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kunogonawo kuwedzera njodzi yekuva nechirwere chetsinga uye inogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakaipa pamwoyo nekufema masisitimu.

Kudzivirirwa uye Kubata

chengetedzo

Sodium cyanide inofanira kuchengetwa munzvimbo inotonhorera, yakaoma, inofefetera zvakanaka kure nekunobva kupisa, kupisa, uye unyoro. Inofanira kuchengetwa zvakasiyana kubva kune acids, oxidizing agents, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvisingaenderani. Midziyo yekuchengetera inofanirwa kunge yakavharwa zvakasimba uye yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinoshingirira mukuora nesodium cyanide, senge yakakwira - density polyethylene kana simbi. Nzvimbo yekuchengetera inofanirwa kuratidzwa zvakajeka nezviratidzo zvakakodzera zveyambiro, uye kupinda kunofanira kungoitwa kune vashandi vane mvumo chete.

kutakura

Pakutakura sodium cyanide, mitemo yakasimba inofanira kuteverwa. Inotsanangurwa sechinhu chine njodzi, uye kufambisa kwayo kunoenderana nemirairo yepasirese uye yenyika. Iyo midziyo inoshandiswa pakufambisa inofanirwa kusangana nedhizaini chaiyo uye zvinodiwa zvekuvaka kudzivirira kubuda. Panguva yekufambisa, zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kubva pakukuvadzwa kwemuviri, kupisa kwakanyanya, uye kusangana nezvimwe zvisingaenderane. Zvirongwa zvekupindura zvechimbichimbi uye midziyo yekurasa inofanirwa kuwanikwa panguva yekufambisa kana pakaitika tsaona.

Kubata matanho ekudzivirira

• Midziyo Yekudzivirira Munhu (PPE) : Vashandi vanobata sodium cyanide vanofanira kupfeka maPPE akakodzera, anosanganisira magirovhosi anodzivirira makemikari, magogorosi ekuchengetedza kana zvidziviriro zvechiso, mbatya dzekudzivirira, uye dziviriro yekufema. Midziyo yekufema yakagadzikwa (SCBA) inofanira kushandiswa kana paine mukana wekupinda munzvimbo dzine njodzi, senge panguva yekudururwa kwemvura kana munzvimbo dzisina mhepo yakakwana.

• Kudzora Unyanzvi : Nzvimbo dzebasa dzinoshandiswa sodium cyanide dzinofanira kunge dziine masisitimu ekufema akakodzera kudzivirira kuungana kwegasi rehydrogen cyanide. Kufefetera kwemhepo kunobuda mumhepo kunofanirwa kuiswa panzvimbo dzinobatwa kana kugadziriswa sodium cyanide kuti itore chero gasi rinoburitswa. Midziyo yese inoshandiswa pakubata sodium cyanide inofanira kugadzirwa kuderedza njodzi yekubuda kwemvura uye kudonha kwemvura.

• Kudzidziswa uye Kupindura Panjodzi : Vashandi vanobata sodium cyanide vanofanira kudzidziswa zvakakwana nezvehunhu hwayo, njodzi dzayo, nzira dzakachengeteka dzekubata nadzo, uye nzira dzekubatsira panjodzi. Zvirongwa zvekubatsira panjodzi zvinofanirwa kunge zviripo, uye vashandi vanofanira kudzidziswa nzira dzekubatsira pakutanga chepfu yecyanide, kusanganisira kupa mishonga inorwisa kana iripo. Kana ikadururwa kana kuburitswa, nzira dzakakodzera dzekudzivirira nekuchenesa dzinofanira kuteverwa nekukasika kudzivirira kupararira kwechepfu.

mhedziso

Sodium cyanide, zvisinei nekubatsira kwayo mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana, chinhu chine njodzi zvakanyanya nekuda kwehupfu hwakanyanya. Kunzwisisa zvimiro zvayo, mashandisiro, uye njodzi dzinogona kuitika kwakakosha pakuona kuchengetedzwa kwevashandi uye nharaunda. Nekushandisa kuchengetedzwa kwakasimba uye matanho ekubata, njodzi dzinosangana nesodium cyanide dzinogona kuderedzwa, zvichibvumira kuenderera kwayo kushandiswa mumaindasitiri uko inoita basa rakakosha. Nekudaro, kuenderera mberi nekuchenjerera uye kuomerera kune ekuchengetedza mapuroteni kwakakosha kudzivirira tsaona uye kuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu.