Sodium Cyanide: Zvivakwa, Njodzi, uye Chengetedzo Matanho

ziviso

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ikomisheni inorganic inoita basa rakakosha mune akasiyana maindasitiri ekushandisa. Nekudaro, chimiro chayo chine muchetura zvakanyanya chinoda kubata kwakasimba uye kuchengetedza mapuroteni. Ichi chinyorwa chinoongorora zvivakwa, mashandisirwo, uye njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzine chekuita nazvo Sodium cyanide.

Kemikari uye Panyama Zvivakwa

Chemical Formula uye Chimiro

Sodium cyanide ine fomura yemakemikari inonzi NaCN. Inhengo yeionic inoumbwa ne sodium cation (Na⁺) uye cyanide anion (CN⁻). Muchimiro chekristaro, maion e sodium ne cyanide akarongwa mu lattice yakafanana neye sodium chloride. kabhoni atomu iri muboka recyanide inoumba chisungo chetatu neatomu renitrogen, zvichipa CN⁻ ion maitiro ayo chaiwo ekuita.

Nhengo dzepanyama

• Kuonekwa: Sodium cyanide inowanzoitika sechena, crystalline yakasimba kana hupfu.

• Kunhu: Muchimiro chayo chakaoma, kazhinji haina kunhuwa. Zvisinei, painopindirana nehunyoro mumhepo kana mumvura, inogona kubudisa hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN), iyo ine kakufenda, almond - sekunhuwa. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti havasi vose vanogona kuona kunhuhwirira kwehydrogen cyanide, sezvo kukwanisa kuita kudaro kunotsanangurwa nemajini.

• Kunyungudika uye Kubikira Points: Iine nzvimbo yakanyanyisa kunyungudika ye563.7 °C uye nzvimbo yekuvira ye1496 °C.

• Solubility: Sodium cyanide inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura. Muchokwadi, 38.9 magiramu eNaCN anogona kunyungudika mu100 milliliters emvura pa20 °C. Iyo zvakare inonyungudika mune mamwe polar solvents senge ammonia, ethanol, uye methanol.

Chemical Reactivity

• Hydrolysis: Sodium cyanide munyu weasidhi isina simba, hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Kana yasangana nemvura, inopinda muhydrolysis, ichigadzira hydrogen cyanide gasi. Kemikari equation yemaitiro aya ndeiyi: NaCN + H₂O ⇌ NaOH + HCN. Kuita uku kunogona kuitika kunyangwe nehunyoro hwemuchadenga, huchiita kusimba Sodium Cyanide inogona kukonzeresa kuburitsa gasi rine muchetura.

• Acid Reactions: Inopindirana nyore neasidhi. Somuenzaniso, rini sodium cyanide inopindirana ne sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), zvinotevera zvinoitika: 2NaCN + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + 2HCN. Kuburitswa kwehydrogen cyanide gasi mukuita kwakadaro kune njodzi zvakanyanya nekuda kwehupfu hwayo.

• Metal Complex Kuumbwa: Sodium cyanide ine hukama hwakasimba hwesimbi. Pamberi peokisijeni nemvura, inogona kunyungudutsa simbi dzinokosha segoridhe nesirivha. Kana iri goridhe, maitiro anotevera: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Ichi chivakwa chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yezvicherwa kutorwa kwegoridhe.

Kugadzirira

Muindasitiri, sodium cyanide inonyanya kugadzirwa nekuita kwehydrogen cyanide (HCN) ine sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Kemikari equation yemaitiro aya ndeiyi: HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Hydrogen cyanide inogona kugadzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana siyana, senge Andrussow process, iyo inosanganisira kuita kwemethane (CH₄), ammonia (NH₃), uye oxygen (O₂) pamusoro peplatinamu - rhodium catalyst pakupisa kwakanyanya.

tizvishandise

Mining Indasitiri

Imwe yeakakosha mashandisirwo esodium cyanide iri mukutorwa kwegoridhe uye mamwe masimbi anokosha kubva mu ores. Iyo nzira, inozivikanwa se Cyanidation, inosanganisira kushandiswa kwesodium cyanide solutions yekunyungudutsa goridhe nesirivha kubva mumatombo avo. Masimbi akanyungudika anobva adzoserwa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwemakemikari. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushanda kwayo uye mutengo wakaderera mukubvisa simbi dzinokosha kubva kune yakaderera-giredhi ores.

Chemical Manufacturing

Sodium cyanide inoshanda seyakakosha yepakati mukugadzirwa kweakasiyana siyana emakemikari emakemikari. Inoshandiswa mukugadzira nitriles, izvo zvakakosha zvidhinha muindasitiri yemishonga, agrochemical, uye polymer. Semuenzaniso, inoshandiswa kugadzira cyanuric chloride, iyo inoshandiswazve mukugadzira mishonga yesora, mishonga yekuuraya utachiona, uye dhayi dzemachira.

electroplating

Muindasitiri ye electroplating, sodium cyanide inoshandiswa mune mamwe mabhati ekuputira, kunyanya yekuisa simbi semhangura, sirivha, uye goridhe. Inobatsira mukugadzirwa kweyunifomu uye yakanamatira simbi yekuputira pane substrate. Iyo cyanide ions munzvimbo yekugezera yekugezera ine simbi ions, zvichiita kuti kuiswa kweiyo yakatsetseka uye kunyange simbi layer.

Njodzi dzehutano

Toxicity Mechanism

Sodium cyanide ine chepfu zvakanyanya. Kana ikapinzwa, ikafemerwa, kana kunyudzwa nemuganda, inopatsanura kuburitsa cyanide ions (CN⁻). Aya maioni ecyanide anosunga kusimbi(III) mu cytochrome c oxidase, enzyme iri mumitochondria yemasero. Kusunga uku kunotadzisa basa ree enzyme, kudzivirira kutamiswa kwemaerekitironi mucheni yekutakura maerekitironi. Somugumisiro, masero haakwanisi kushandisa okisijeni zvinobudirira, zvichiita kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu e-cellular asphyxiation. Kunyange zvishoma zve sodium cyanide zvinogona kuuraya.

Acute Exposure Effects

• Kuisa: Kupinza sodium cyanide kunogona kutungamirira kukurumidza kutanga kwezviratidzo. Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvinogona kusanganisira kupisa mumuromo nepahuro, zvichiteverwa nekusvotwa, kurutsa, kurwadziwa mudumbu, uye manyoka. Sezvo muchetura unowedzera, pangava nechinetso chokufema, kurova kwemwoyo nokukurumidza kana kuti kusina kujairika, dzungu, musoro, uye kuvhiringidzika. Mhosva dzakakomba dzinogona kukonzera pfari, kurasikirwa nepfungwa, uye kufa mukati memaminitsi kusvika kumaawa.

• Inhalation: Kufemba gasi rehydrogen cyanide, rinogona kuburitswa kubva musodium cyanide paine hunyoro kana maasidhi, zvakare kune njodzi huru. Zviratidzo zvekufemerwa nemhepo zvinogona kusanganisira kushatirwa kwenzira yekufema, kukosora, kutadza kufema, kuoma kwechipfuva, uye kunzwa kudzipwa. High-level inhalation exposure inogona kukurumidza kutungamirira kukufema kusungwa uye kufa.

• Ganda uye Ziso Kubata: Kusangana kwakananga ne sodium cyanide kunogona kukonzera kutsamwa uye kupisa paganda nemeso. Kubata kweganda kwenguva refu kana kwakawanda kunogonawo kubvumira cyanide kuti ipinde muropa, zvichiita kuti systemic poisoning.

Chisingaperi Kuratidzwa Migumisiro

Kugara kuratidzwa kune yakaderera mazinga e sodium cyanide haina kuwanda asi inogona kuramba iine hutano hwakakomba. Inogona kukonzera zviratidzo zvakadai sekushaya simba, kuneta, kutemwa nemusoro, matambudziko ekuyeuka, uye kukanganisa kwethyroid gland. Kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kunogonawo kuwedzera njodzi yekuva nechirwere chetsinga uye inogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakaipa pamwoyo nekufema masisitimu.

Kudzivirirwa uye Kubata

chengetedzo

Sodium cyanide inofanira kuchengetwa munzvimbo inotonhorera, yakaoma, inofefetera zvakanaka kure nekunobva kupisa, kupisa, uye unyoro. Inofanira kuchengetwa zvakasiyana kubva kune acids, oxidizing agents, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvisingaenderani. Midziyo yekuchengetera inofanirwa kunge yakavharwa zvakasimba uye yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinoshingirira mukuora nesodium cyanide, senge yakakwira - density polyethylene kana simbi. Nzvimbo yekuchengetera inofanirwa kuratidzwa zvakajeka nezviratidzo zvakakodzera zveyambiro, uye kupinda kunofanira kungoitwa kune vashandi vane mvumo chete.

kutakura

Pakutakura sodium cyanide, mitemo yakasimba inofanira kuteverwa. Inotsanangurwa sechinhu chine njodzi, uye kufambisa kwayo kunoenderana nemirairo yepasirese uye yenyika. Iyo midziyo inoshandiswa pakufambisa inofanirwa kusangana nedhizaini chaiyo uye zvinodiwa zvekuvaka kudzivirira kubuda. Panguva yekufambisa, zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kubva pakukuvadzwa kwemuviri, kupisa kwakanyanya, uye kusangana nezvimwe zvisingaenderane. Zvirongwa zvekupindura zvechimbichimbi uye midziyo yekurasa inofanirwa kuwanikwa panguva yekufambisa kana pakaitika tsaona.

Kubata matanho ekudzivirira

• Chidziviriro Chekushandisa (PPE): Vashandi vanobata sodium cyanide vanofanira kupfeka PPE yakakodzera, kusanganisira magirovhosi asingamirire kemikari, magirazi ekuchengetedza kana zvivharo zvechiso, zvipfeko zvinodzivirira, uye dziviriro yekufema. Zvishandiso zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo (SCBA) zvinofanirwa kushandiswa kana paine mukana wepamusoro-padanho rekufumurwa, senge panguva yekubuda kwemvura kana munzvimbo dzisina mweya wekufema zvakanaka.

• Engineering Controls: Nzvimbo dzebasa dzinoshandiswa sodium cyanide dzinofanirwa kunge dziine masystem ekufema zvakanaka kudzivirira kuunganidzwa kwehydrogen cyanide gasi. Kufefetedza kwepanzvimbo yekunze kunofanirwa kuiswa panzvimbo panobatwa sodium cyanide kana kugadziriswa kuti itore chero gasi rakaburitswa. Midziyo yese inoshandiswa mukubata sodium cyanide inofanirwa kugadzirwa kudzikisa njodzi yekudonha nekuteuka.

• Kudzidziswa uye Emergency Response: Vashandi vanobata sodium cyanide vanofanira kuwana ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pezvinhu zvayo, njodzi, maitiro ekuchengetedza akachengeteka, uye mhinduro yekukurumidzira. Zvirongwa zvekupindura zvechimbichimbi zvinofanirwa kunge zviripo, uye vashandi vanofanirwa kudzidziswa mumatanho ekutanga ekubatsira chepfu yecyanide, kusanganisira kutonga kwemishonga kana iripo. Kana pakateuka kana kuburitswa, nzira dzakakodzera dzekuchengeta uye dzekuchenesa dzinofanirwa kuteverwa nekukasira kudzivirira kupararira kwechepfu.

mhedziso

Sodium cyanide, zvisinei nekubatsira kwayo mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana, chinhu chine njodzi zvakanyanya nekuda kwehupfu hwakanyanya. Kunzwisisa zvimiro zvayo, mashandisiro, uye njodzi dzinogona kuitika kwakakosha pakuona kuchengetedzwa kwevashandi uye nharaunda. Nekushandisa kuchengetedzwa kwakasimba uye matanho ekubata, njodzi dzinosangana nesodium cyanide dzinogona kuderedzwa, zvichibvumira kuenderera kwayo kushandiswa mumaindasitiri uko inoita basa rakakosha. Nekudaro, kuenderera mberi nekuchenjerera uye kuomerera kune ekuchengetedza mapuroteni kwakakosha kudzivirira tsaona uye kuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu.