Cikakken Tsarin Hydrometallurgy: Daga Cyanide Leaching zuwa Electrolysis

A fagen aikin ƙarfe na zamani. Hydrometallurgy ya mamaye matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin hakar karfe da tacewa saboda fa'idodinsa na musamman. Menene asirin da ke bayan canji daga ma'adinai zuwa ƙarfe mai tsabta? A yau, bari mu zurfafa cikin cikakken tsari na hydrometallurgy, daga leaching zuwa electrolysis, ta hanyar tambayoyi goma sha biyu.

1. Menene hydrometallurgy?

Hydrometallurgy, a cikin sassauƙan kalmomi, tsari ne da ke amfani da abubuwan leaching don narkar da abubuwan ƙarfe masu mahimmanci daga ma'adanai, ma'auni, calcines, da sauran kayan cikin mafita. Bayan haka, ana fitar da karafa, a raba, kuma ana wadatar da su daga mafita ta hanyar sinadarai da hanyoyin jiki. Ba kamar pyrometallurgy na gargajiya ba, hydrometallurgy yana aiki ne a cikin yanayin warwarewa, yana nuna ƙarancin amfani da makamashi da rage gurɓataccen muhalli.

2. Menene makasudin leaching da hanyoyin leaching da aka saba amfani da su?

Manufar leaching shine don raba karafa masu mahimmanci daga gangue a cikin ma'adanai da kuma narkar da karafa a cikin nau'i na ions zuwa mafita. Hanyoyin leaching gama gari sun haɗa da leaching acid. Misali, ana zubar da ma'adinan jan karfe da sulfuric acid don narkar da tagulla a cikin nau'in ions na jan karfe. Ana amfani da leaching alkaline don magance bauxite tare da maganin sodium hydroxide don cire aluminum. Leaching na ruwa ya dace da wasu gishiri - nau'in ma'adanai masu kyau tare da ruwa mai kyau, kamar hakar gishirin glauber.

3. Wadanne abubuwa ne ke shafar yawan leaching yayin aikin leaching?

Babban abubuwan sun haɗa da ƙaddamar da wakili na leaching. Gabaɗaya, mafi girman maida hankali, mafi girman ƙimar leaching. Koyaya, babban maida hankali fiye da kima na iya haifar da ƙarin farashi da matsaloli a aiki na gaba. Zazzabi: Ƙara yawan zafin jiki yadda ya kamata na iya haɓaka ƙimar amsawa da haɓaka ƙimar leaching, amma yawan zafin jiki zai ƙara yawan kuzari da lalata kayan aiki. Ore barbashi size: The karami da barbashi size, da ya fi girma da takamaiman surface area, kuma mafi na sosai da leaching dauki. Ƙarfin haɓakawa: Kyakkyawan motsawa na iya tabbatar da cikakkiyar hulɗa tsakanin wakili na leaching da tama, haɓaka yawan canja wurin taro.

4. Ta yaya ake m - ruwa rabuwa da za'ayi ga ɓangaren litattafan almara bayan leaching?

Na kowa m - ruwa hanyoyin rabuwa sun hada da tacewa. Ana amfani da matattara mai tacewa da faranti - da - firam tace matsi don tsallaka tsayayyen barbashi ta wurin tacewa da barin ruwa ya wuce. Sedimentation: Ana ba da izinin barbashi masu ƙarfi su zauna ƙarƙashin nauyi ko ƙarfin tsakiya. Alal misali, a cikin thickeners, ɓangaren litattafan almara a hankali ya zauna a cikin babban na'ura mai girma. Maɗaukakin maɗaukaki ya cika, kuma ana ƙara sarrafa slurry na ƙasa mai kauri. Rabuwar Centrifugal: Ƙarfin centrifugal da aka haifar da babban - ana amfani da jujjuyawar sauri don cimma ƙarfi - rabuwar ruwa, wanda ya dace da rarraba ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.

5. Menene manufar tsarkakewa mafita kuma menene hanyoyin tsarkakewa na gama gari?

Maganin tsarkakewa yana nufin cire ƙazanta a cikin leach don guje wa tsangwama tare da hakar ƙarfe na gaba. Hanyoyin gama gari sun haɗa da hazo sinadarai. Ana ƙara hazo don samar da hazo na ions na ƙazanta. Alal misali, ana ƙara sodium sulfide don haɓaka nauyi - ions na ƙarfe. Hanyar musanya ion: Ana amfani da resins na ion don musanya tare da ions a cikin maganin cire ions na ƙazanta. Soluble hakar: Dangane da bambanci a cikin solubility na solutes a cikin nau'i biyu immiscible, da manufa karfe da aka cire a cikin kwayoyin lokaci don cimma rabuwa da najasa.

6. Menene ka'idar hakar sauran ƙarfi da kuma yadda za a zaɓi mai cirewa mai dacewa?

Ka'idar hakar sauran ƙarfi shine yin amfani da bambance-bambance a cikin rarraba ma'auni na solutes tsakanin tsarin kwayoyin halitta da lokaci mai ruwa, yana ba da damar canja wurin solutes daga lokaci mai ruwa zuwa tsarin kwayoyin halitta. Lokacin zabar abin cirewa, ya zama dole a yi la'akari da babban zaɓinsa don ƙarfe da aka yi niyya, ma'ana yana da ƙarfin cirewa mai ƙarfi don ƙarfen da aka yi niyya da kuma ƙarancin cirewa na ƙazanta. Ya kamata ya kasance yana da babban ƙarfin hakar don fitar da ingantaccen adadin ƙarfe mai yawa. Har ila yau, ya kamata ya sami kwanciyar hankali mai kyau na sinadarai, ba za a iya rugujewa cikin sauƙi ba, ya zama maras kyau tare da lokaci mai ruwa, kuma yana da bambanci mai yawa don sauƙi rabuwa. Bugu da ƙari, farashi da samuwa ya kamata a yi la'akari.

7. Menene aikin tube kuma yaya yake da alaka da hakar?

Tsagewa shine tsarin canja wurin karfen da aka fitar zuwa cikin tsarin kwayoyin baya zuwa lokacin ruwa. Ya cika hakar. Hakar yana wadatar da kuma raba karafa, yayin da cirewa yana fitar da wadataccen karfe daga tsarin kwayoyin halitta don samun babban bayani na karfe mai girma don electrolysis na gaba ko wasu sarrafawa. Ta hanyar daidaita nau'in, maida hankali, da ƙimar pH na wakili mai cirewa, za'a iya samun ingantaccen tsiron ƙarfe.

8. Menene electrowinning (electrolytic deposition) kuma menene ka'idarsa?

Electrowinning wani tsari ne wanda aka rage ions karfe a cikin wani bayani kuma an ajiye su a kan cathode a karkashin aikin kai tsaye. Ɗaukar ƙarfin lantarki na jan ƙarfe a matsayin misali, a cikin maganin sulfate na jan karfe, idan aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki kai tsaye, ions na jan karfe suna samun electrons a cathode, an rage su zuwa ƙarfe na ƙarfe, kuma a ajiye su a kan farantin cathode. A anode, wani abu da iskar shaka dauki na ruwa faruwa, samar da oxygen. Wannan mataki ne mai mahimmanci don samun ƙarfe mai tsabta a cikin hydrometallurgy.

9. Waɗanne abubuwa ne ke shafar ingancin halin yanzu da ingancin ƙarfe yayin aikin lantarki?

Abubuwan da ke da tasiri a halin yanzu sun haɗa da zafin jiki na electrolyte. Yawan zafin jiki mai yawa zai kara tsananta halayen gefe kuma ya rage yawan aiki na yanzu. Yawan yawa na yanzu: Dukansu masu girma da ƙananan yawa na yanzu ba su da daɗi don ingantaccen aiki na yanzu, kuma akwai kewayon mafi kyau. Abubuwan da ke cikin najasa: Iions na ƙazanta na iya fuskantar gasa halayen a na'urorin lantarki, rage ƙarfin halin yanzu. Abubuwan da ke shafar ingancin ƙarfe sun haɗa da abun da ke cikin electrolyte. Nau'in da abun ciki na additives na iya rinjayar tsarin halittar kristal na karfe. Kayan lantarki da yanayin yanayin ƙasa: Na'urorin lantarki masu laushi da lebur suna dacewa da daidaituwar ƙima na ƙananan ƙarfe masu inganci. Lokacin Electrolysis da kwanciyar hankali na aiki: Tsayayyen yanayin aiki na iya tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na ingancin ƙarfe.

10. Ta yaya ake samar da slime anode kuma menene amfaninsa?

A lokacin aikin electrolysis, baya ga narkar da karafa a cikin anode, wasu najasa marasa narkewa kamar karafa masu daraja kamar zinariya, azurfa, da platinum, da sauran abubuwan da ba su da kyau suna haifar da anode slime da hazo. Anode slime abu ne mai mahimmanci na sakandare. Ana iya dawo da karafa masu daraja da yawa daga gare ta. Misali, zinari, azurfa da sauransu, ana iya fitar da su daga slime na jan karfe electrolysis anode slime ta hanyar fasahohin sarrafawa, wanda ke da matukar kimar tattalin arziki.

11. Ta yaya za a cimma kariyar muhalli da sake amfani da albarkatu a cikin dukkan tsarin hydrometallurgy?

Dangane da kariyar muhalli, ana kula da ruwan sharar gida, iskar gas, da sauran sharar gida don cika ka'idojin fitar da hayaki. Don maganin sharar gida, ana amfani da hanyoyi irin su neutralization, hazo, da musayar ion don cire ions mai nauyi da abubuwa masu cutarwa. Ana tsarkake iskar gas don kawar da gurɓataccen abu kamar su sulfur dioxide ta kayan aikin tsarkakewa. Dangane da sake amfani da albarkatu, ana gudanar da magani na biyu akan ragowar leaching da anode slime don dawo da karafa masu mahimmanci. Ana tsabtace electrolyte da aka kashe kuma ana sake haɓakawa don sake amfani da su.

12. Menene hanyoyin ci gaba na gaba na hydrometalurgy?

A nan gaba, hydrometallurgy zai haɓaka zuwa zama kore, inganci, da hankali. Za a yi bincike da haɓaka ƙarin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da muhalli da ingantattun kayan leaching da masu cirewa don rage yawan amfani da makamashi da gurɓata ruwa. Za a yi amfani da na'urori masu tasowa da fasaha masu fasaha don cimma daidaitattun sarrafawa da inganta tsarin samarwa, inganta ingantaccen samarwa da ingancin samfur. Za a fadada filayen aikace-aikacen, kamar fitar da karafa daga sabbin albarkatu kamar sharar lantarki da ma'adinan ruwa mai zurfi.

Ta hanyar waɗannan tambayoyi goma sha biyu, mun sami cikakkiyar fahimta game da cikakken tsari na hydrometallurgy daga leaching zuwa electrolysis. Tare da ci gaba da ci gaban fasaha, hydrometallurgy zai taka rawar gani sosai a fagen hakar karafa, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da amfani da albarkatu masu ma'ana.