Sodium Cyanide: In-Kudzika Kutarisa Kukanganisa Kwayo Pahutano Hwevanhu

ziviso

Sodium cyanide , ine fomura yemakemikari NaCN, chinhu chine nzvimbo yakakosha mumaindasitiri uye munzvimbo yekukuvadza. Isimbi chena, ine kristalo yakasimba inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura. Nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwemakemikari, kunyanya kuvapo kwecyanide ion (CN-), Sodium Cyanide ine chepfu yakanyanya, iyo ine zvayakanakira zvikuru pahutano hwevanhu.

Chemical Properties yeSodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide munyu unoumbwa ne sodium cations (Na+) uye cyanide anions (CN-). Ine molar mass inosvika 49.01 g/mol. Mumvura inonyunguduka, inopatsanurwa kuita aya maion. Cyanide ion ndiyo chinhu chikuru chinokonzera chepfu yayo. I nucleophile yakasimba uye ine hukama hwakakura nema ions esimbi, iyo inoita basa rakakosha mukushandiswa kwayo mumaindasitiri uye migumisiro yayo yakaipa pamasisitimu ehupenyu.

Kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri eSodium cyanide

1.Mining Industry

• Sodium cyanide inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukubvisa goridhe nedzimwe simbi dzinokosha. Mukugadzira goridhe , inoumba complexes negoridhe, zvichiita kuti simbi inyunguduke uye iparadzaniswe nematombo. Nzira iyi, inozivikanwa secyanidation, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushanda kwayo zvakanaka uye mutengo wayo wakaderera. Semuenzaniso, mune yakajairika gold-cyanide reaction, gold (Au) inopindirana nesodium cyanide (NaCN), oxygen (O₂), nemvura (H₂O) kugadzira soluble gold-cyanide complex: 4Au + 8NaCN+O₂ + 2H₂O→4Na[Au(CN)₂]+4NaOH.

2.Chemical Synthesis

• Inoshanda sechivharo chikuru mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari akasiyana-siyana eorganic neinorganic. Mukugadzirwa kwe nitriles, ayo ari pakati pezvinhu zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemishonga, agrochemicals, uye polymers, Sodium cyanide inowanzo shandiswa. Semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kwe acrylonitrile (monomer yekugadzira mafiber ekugadzira senge acrylic), mhinduro yacho inogona kusanganisira sodium cyanide se reactant mune dzimwe nzira dzekugadzira.

3.Electroplating

• Ma electrolyte akavakirwa paCyanide, anowanzova nesodium cyanide, anoshandiswa mu Electroplating processes. Maion eCyanide anobatsira mukuisa simbi dzakadai semhangura, sirivha, uye zinc nenzira yakafanana uye inonamatira. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti cyanide inogona kugadzira complexes dzakagadzikana nemaion esimbi, ichidzora mwero wekuiswa kwesimbi panguva yekuisa electroplating.

Sei Sodium Cyanide Inobata Hutano Hwevanhu

1.Toxicokinetics

• Kana sodium cyanide ichipinda mumuviri wemunhu, inogona kutorwa nenzira dzakawanda. Kufema guruva kana utsi hune sodium cyanide kunoita kuti maion cyanide akurumidze kupinda muropa kuburikidza nealveoli mumapapu. Kupinza, kungave netsaona kana muzviitiko zvechepfu, kunotungamira mukunyura mudumbu remudumbu. Kubata ganda kunogonawo kukonzera kunyura, kunyangwe ganda rakasimba rinopa imwe dziviriro. Pane imwe nguva muropa, iyo cyanide ions inoparadzirwa mumuviri wose.

2.Mechanism yeToxicity

• Chinangwa chikuru che cyanide chepfu mumuviri wemunhu ndeye mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, inova enzyme yakakosha muketani yekutakura maelectron yekufema kwemasero. Cyanide inosunga kusimbi (Fe) mu cytochrome c oxidase complex ine high affinity. Kusunga uku kunotadzisa kufambiswa kwemaerekitironi kubva ku cytochrome c kuenda kuokisijeni, zvichinyatsovhara danho rekupedzisira rekufema kweaerobic. Nekuda kweizvozvo, masero haakwanise kugadzira adenosine triphosphate (ATP) kuburikidza neoxidative phosphorylation, zvichiita kuti masero ashaikwe simba.

• Pamusoro pezvo, cyanide inogona zvakare kukanganisa imwe iron - ine ma enzymes mumuviri, ichiwedzera kukanganisa yakajairika metabolic maitiro. Semuenzaniso, inogona kukanganisa kushanda kwemyoglobin, iyo inobatanidzwa mukuchengetwa kweokisijeni mumasero emhasuru, uye mamwe maperoxidases akakosha kune antioxidant nzira dzekudzivirira.

3.Acute Toxicity

• Yakaderera - Dose Kuratidzwa

• Kunyangwe pachiyero chakaderera, kuratidzwa kune sodium cyanide kunogona kukonzera huwandu hwezviratidzo. Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvinogona kusanganisira musoro, dzungu, kupera simba, uye kusvotwa. Munhu anenge abatwa nechirwere ichi anganzwawo kuti chipfuva chakamanikana uye achitadza kufema zvakanaka. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, panogona kunge kune hunhu hwe "almond - senge" kunhuhwirira kwekufema, kunyangwe asiri munhu wese anogona kuona kunhuhwirira uku.

• High - Dose Exposure

• High-dose kuratidzwa kune sodium cyanide kunogona kukurumidza kuuraya. Zviratidzo zvinofambira mberi nokukurumidza kusvika kukutambudzika kukuru kwekufema, nekufema nokukurumidza uye kushanda. Mhedzisiro yemoyo inosanganisira kudonha kweBP, kusarongeka kwemwoyo rhythms (arrhythmias), uye pakupedzisira kusungwa kwemoyo. Neurologically, munhu akabatwa anogona kubatwa nepfari, kurasikirwa nepfungwa, uye kukoira. Muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa, rufu runogona kuitika mukati memaminitsi ehuwandu hwekuratidzwa kwedosi.

4.Chisingaperi cheToxicity

• Kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune yakaderera mazinga e sodium cyanide, senge mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeindasitiri uko kune hutsanana hwebasa husina kunaka, zvinogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko ehutano asingaperi. Kugara uchiratidzira kunogona kukonzera kupera simba, kuneta, uye kurasikirwa nehuremu. Inogonawo kukanganisa hurongwa hwetsinga, zvichikonzera zviratidzo zvakadai sechiveve uye kurira mumakumbo, kukanganisa kwendangariro, uye kunetseka kuisa pfungwa. Uyezve, kuratidzwa kwakadzokororwa kunogona kuve nekukanganisa thyroid gland, sezvo cyanide inogona kukanganisa kutora iodine uye thyroid hormone synthesis.

5.Effects paMasangano Akananga

• Rudhara Sisitimu

• Iyo yekufema system ndeimwe yekutanga kubatwa ne sodium cyanide exposure. Sezvambotaurwa, inhibition ye cytochrome c oxidase mumasero emasumbu ekufema uye nzvimbo dzepakati dzekufema muuropi dzinotungamirira mukutadza kufema. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kukurumidza kufema kwekutanga apo muviri uchiedza kutsiva kushaikwa kweokisijeni kushandiswa, zvichiteverwa nekuora mwoyo kwekufema uye kutadza kufema.

• Mwoyo System

• Cyanide - inokonzeresa kushaya simba kwemasero kunokanganisa tsandanyama yemoyo (myocardium). Mwoyo unogona kuwana kuderera kwechibvumirano, zvichiita kuti kuderedzwa kwemwoyo kubudiswa. Arrhythmias inogona kuitika nekuda kwekuvhiringidzwa kwemaitiro emagetsi emagetsi mumoyo. Iko kusanganiswa kweizvi zvinokonzeresa kunogona kukonzera kuderera kukuru kweBP, izvo zvinowedzera kukanganisa kuendeswa kweokisijeni uye zvinovaka muviri kumatishu emuviri.

• huta System

• Iyo sisitimu yetsinga inonetseka zvakanyanya nemhedzisiro ye sodium cyanide. Pamusoro pezvakanyanya mhedzisiro yeakakwira-dosi kuratidzwa senge pfari uye coma, kuratidzwa kusingaperi kunogona kutungamira kune neurodegenerative shanduko. Neurons inogona kukuvadzwa nekuda kwekushaikwa kwesimba uye oxidative kusagadzikana. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kushomeka kwenguva refu kwetsinga, kusanganisira kusaziva, kusashanda zvakanaka kwemota, uye kuvhiringika kwekunzwa.

• Digestive System

• Kudya sodium cyanide kunogona kukonzera kutsamwa uye kukuvadza kune gastrointestinal turakiti. Zviratidzo zvinogona kusanganisira kusvotwa, kurutsa, kurwadziwa nemudumbu, uye manyoka. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, panogona kuve nekukuvadzwa kune mucosal lining yemudumbu uye matumbu, zvichitungamira mukubuda ropa uye maronda.

mhedziso

Sodium cyanide, kunyangwe yakakosha maindasitiri ekushandisa, inoisa njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu. Hunhu hwayo hwakanyanya, mune acute uye asingaperi kuratidzwa mamiriro, anogona kutungamira kune akasiyana siyana ehutano matambudziko, kubva kune zvakapfava zviratidzo kusvika kuhupenyu - hunotyisa mamiriro. Zvichipa mukana wayo wekukuvadza, matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza akakosha mumaindasitiri anoshandisa sodium cyanide. Matanho aya anosanganisira kubata zvakanaka, kuchengetedza, uye kuraswa kwekomboni, pamwe nekupa dziviriro yakakwana uye kudzidziswa kwevashandi. Pamusoro pezvo, kutarisisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwakakosha kudzivirira kuburitswa kwesodium cyanide munzvimbo, uko inogona zvakare kuisa njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu kuburikidza nekusvibiswa kwemvura uye nemhepo.