Sodium Cyanide: In-Kudzika Kutarisa Kukanganisa Kwayo Pahutano Hwevanhu

ziviso

Sodium cyanide, ine kemikari formula NaCN, ikomboni ine nzvimbo yakakosha mune ese maindasitiri ekushandisa uye nzvimbo ye toxicology. Ichena, ine crystalline yakasimba inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura. Nekuda kwemakemikari ayo, kunyanya kuvepo kweiyo cyanide ion (CN-), Sodium Cyanide inoratidza huturu hwakanyanya, hune zvahunoreva zvakanyanya pahutano hwevanhu.

Chemical Properties yeSodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide munyu unoumbwa ne sodium cations (Na+) uye cyanide anions (CN-). Iine huremu hunosvika 49.01 g/mol. Mumhinduro dzine aqueous, inopatsanura kuva maion aya. Iyo cyanide ion ndicho chinhu chakakosha chinokonzeresa chepfu yayo. Iyo nucleophile yakasimba uye ine hukama hwepamusoro kune simbi ions, iyo inoita basa rakakosha mune zvese zvayo. Kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri uye zvinokuvadza zvinokanganisa biological system.

Kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri eSodium cyanide

1.Mining Industry

• Sodium cyanide inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutorwa kwegoridhe nemamwe masimbi anokosha. Mukuita kwegoridhe kuchera, inoumba ma complexes negoridhe, zvichiita kuti simbi iparadzwe uye iparadzaniswe kubva kune ore. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa se cyanidation, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushanda kwayo uye mutengo wakaderera. Semuenzaniso, mune yakajairika goridhe - cyanide reaction, goridhe (Au) inopindirana nayo sodium cyanide (NaCN), oxygen (O₂), uye mvura (H₂O) kugadzira goridhe rinonyungudika - cyanide complex: 4Au + 8NaCN+O₂ + 2H₂O→4Na[Au(CN)₂]+4NaOH.

2.Chemical Synthesis

• Inoshanda sechinhu chakakosha chekuvaka mukubatanidzwa kweakasiyana organic uye inorganic makomisheni. Mukugadzirwa kwema nitriles, ayo akakosha epakati mukugadzirwa kwemishonga, agrochemicals, uye mapolymers, Sodium cyanide kazhinji inoshandiswa. Semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kwe acrylonitrile (monomeri yekugadzira mafiber ekugadzira se acrylic), maitiro anogona kusanganisira sodium cyanide seyakagadziriswa mune dzimwe nzira dzekugadzira.

3.Electroplating

• Cyanide - based electrolytes, kazhinji ine sodium cyanide, inoshandiswa mukati electroplating maitiro. Iwo cyanide ions anobatsira mukuiswa kwesimbi dzakaita semhangura, sirivheri, uye zinc mune imwe yunifomu uye inotevedzera. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti cyanide inogona kuumba macomplexes akatsiga nemaoni esimbi, achidzora chiyero chekuisa simbi panguva ye electroplating.

Sei Sodium Cyanide Inobata Hutano Hwevanhu

1.Toxicokinetics

• Kana sodium cyanide ichipinda mumuviri wemunhu, inogona kutorwa nenzira dzakawanda. Kufema guruva kana utsi hune sodium cyanide kunoita kuti maion cyanide akurumidze kupinda muropa kuburikidza nealveoli mumapapu. Kupinza, kungave netsaona kana muzviitiko zvechepfu, kunotungamira mukunyura mudumbu remudumbu. Kubata ganda kunogonawo kukonzera kunyura, kunyangwe ganda rakasimba rinopa imwe dziviriro. Pane imwe nguva muropa, iyo cyanide ions inoparadzirwa mumuviri wose.

2.Mechanism yeToxicity

• Chinangwa chikuru che cyanide chepfu mumuviri wemunhu ndeye mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, inova enzyme yakakosha muketani yekutakura maelectron yekufema kwemasero. Cyanide inosunga kusimbi (Fe) mu cytochrome c oxidase complex ine high affinity. Kusunga uku kunotadzisa kufambiswa kwemaerekitironi kubva ku cytochrome c kuenda kuokisijeni, zvichinyatsovhara danho rekupedzisira rekufema kweaerobic. Nekuda kweizvozvo, masero haakwanise kugadzira adenosine triphosphate (ATP) kuburikidza neoxidative phosphorylation, zvichiita kuti masero ashaikwe simba.

• Pamusoro pezvo, cyanide inogona zvakare kukanganisa imwe iron - ine ma enzymes mumuviri, ichiwedzera kukanganisa yakajairika metabolic maitiro. Semuenzaniso, inogona kukanganisa kushanda kwemyoglobin, iyo inobatanidzwa mukuchengetwa kweokisijeni mumasero emhasuru, uye mamwe maperoxidases akakosha kune antioxidant nzira dzekudzivirira.

3.Acute Toxicity

• Yakaderera - Dose Kuratidzwa

• Kunyangwe pachiyero chakaderera, kuratidzwa kune sodium cyanide kunogona kukonzera huwandu hwezviratidzo. Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvinogona kusanganisira musoro, dzungu, kupera simba, uye kusvotwa. Munhu anenge abatwa nechirwere ichi anganzwawo kuti chipfuva chakamanikana uye achitadza kufema zvakanaka. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, panogona kunge kune hunhu hwe "almond - senge" kunhuhwirira kwekufema, kunyangwe asiri munhu wese anogona kuona kunhuhwirira uku.

• High - Dose Exposure

• High-dose kuratidzwa kune sodium cyanide kunogona kukurumidza kuuraya. Zviratidzo zvinofambira mberi nokukurumidza kusvika kukutambudzika kukuru kwekufema, nekufema nokukurumidza uye kushanda. Mhedzisiro yemoyo inosanganisira kudonha kweBP, kusarongeka kwemwoyo rhythms (arrhythmias), uye pakupedzisira kusungwa kwemoyo. Neurologically, munhu akabatwa anogona kubatwa nepfari, kurasikirwa nepfungwa, uye kukoira. Muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa, rufu runogona kuitika mukati memaminitsi ehuwandu hwekuratidzwa kwedosi.

4.Chisingaperi cheToxicity

• Kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune yakaderera mazinga e sodium cyanide, senge mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeindasitiri uko kune hutsanana hwebasa husina kunaka, zvinogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko ehutano asingaperi. Kugara uchiratidzira kunogona kukonzera kupera simba, kuneta, uye kurasikirwa nehuremu. Inogonawo kukanganisa hurongwa hwetsinga, zvichikonzera zviratidzo zvakadai sechiveve uye kurira mumakumbo, kukanganisa kwendangariro, uye kunetseka kuisa pfungwa. Uyezve, kuratidzwa kwakadzokororwa kunogona kuve nekukanganisa thyroid gland, sezvo cyanide inogona kukanganisa kutora iodine uye thyroid hormone synthesis.

5.Effects paMasangano Akananga

• Rudhara Sisitimu

• Iyo yekufema system ndeimwe yekutanga kubatwa ne sodium cyanide exposure. Sezvambotaurwa, inhibition ye cytochrome c oxidase mumasero emasumbu ekufema uye nzvimbo dzepakati dzekufema muuropi dzinotungamirira mukutadza kufema. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kukurumidza kufema kwekutanga apo muviri uchiedza kutsiva kushaikwa kweokisijeni kushandiswa, zvichiteverwa nekuora mwoyo kwekufema uye kutadza kufema.

• Mwoyo System

• Cyanide - inokonzeresa kushaya simba kwemasero kunokanganisa tsandanyama yemoyo (myocardium). Mwoyo unogona kuwana kuderera kwechibvumirano, zvichiita kuti kuderedzwa kwemwoyo kubudiswa. Arrhythmias inogona kuitika nekuda kwekuvhiringidzwa kwemaitiro emagetsi emagetsi mumoyo. Iko kusanganiswa kweizvi zvinokonzeresa kunogona kukonzera kuderera kukuru kweBP, izvo zvinowedzera kukanganisa kuendeswa kweokisijeni uye zvinovaka muviri kumatishu emuviri.

• huta System

• Iyo sisitimu yetsinga inonetseka zvakanyanya nemhedzisiro ye sodium cyanide. Pamusoro pezvakanyanya mhedzisiro yeakakwira-dosi kuratidzwa senge pfari uye coma, kuratidzwa kusingaperi kunogona kutungamira kune neurodegenerative shanduko. Neurons inogona kukuvadzwa nekuda kwekushaikwa kwesimba uye oxidative kusagadzikana. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kushomeka kwenguva refu kwetsinga, kusanganisira kusaziva, kusashanda zvakanaka kwemota, uye kuvhiringika kwekunzwa.

• Digestive System

• Kudya sodium cyanide kunogona kukonzera kutsamwa uye kukuvadza kune gastrointestinal turakiti. Zviratidzo zvinogona kusanganisira kusvotwa, kurutsa, kurwadziwa nemudumbu, uye manyoka. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, panogona kuve nekukuvadzwa kune mucosal lining yemudumbu uye matumbu, zvichitungamira mukubuda ropa uye maronda.

mhedziso

Sodium cyanide, kunyangwe yakakosha maindasitiri ekushandisa, inoisa njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu. Hunhu hwayo hwakanyanya, mune acute uye asingaperi kuratidzwa mamiriro, anogona kutungamira kune akasiyana siyana ehutano matambudziko, kubva kune zvakapfava zviratidzo kusvika kuhupenyu - hunotyisa mamiriro. Zvichipa mukana wayo wekukuvadza, matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza akakosha mumaindasitiri anoshandisa sodium cyanide. Matanho aya anosanganisira kubata zvakanaka, kuchengetedza, uye kuraswa kwekomboni, pamwe nekupa dziviriro yakakwana uye kudzidziswa kwevashandi. Pamusoro pezvo, kutarisisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwakakosha kudzivirira kuburitswa kwesodium cyanide munzvimbo, uko inogona zvakare kuisa njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu kuburikidza nekusvibiswa kwemvura uye nemhepo.