Inqubo ye-Sodium Cyanide Electroplating Zinc: Ukuhlaziywa Okubanzi

Isingeniso

I-Electroplating iyinqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zensimbi. Phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukene ze-electroplating, I-Sodium Cyanide i-electroplating zinc inesikhundla esibalulekile ngenxa yezici zayo eziyingqayizivele kanye nezinzuzo. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuhlinzeka ngokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwe I-sodium cyanide electroplating zinc inqubo, ehlanganisa izimiso zayo, izinyathelo zenqubo, ukwakheka kokugeza, nokucatshangelwa kokusebenza.

Izimiso ze-Sodium Cyanide Electroplating Zinc

In the i-sodium cyanide electroplating zinc inqubo, isimiso esiyinhloko sisekelwe electrolysis. Ukugeza kwe-electroplating kuqukethe i-zinc ions nezinye izakhi. Lapho kusetshenziswa amandla kagesi, ama-ion e-zinc okugeza ayancishiswa ku-cathode (into okufanele ihlanganiswe), futhi ama-athomu e-zinc afakwa ebusweni be-cathode, enze i-zinc coating. Ubukhona be I-sodium cyanide ekugezeni kudlala indima ebalulekile. Isebenza njenge-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi, yakha ama-complexes azinzile ngama-ion zinc. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kusiza ukulawula izinga lokubeka i-zinc futhi kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi ye-zinc layer efakwe. Isibonelo, ukusabela kungase kuvezwe nje ngokuthi: Zn(CN)₄²⁻ + 2e⁻ → Zn + 4CN⁻ ku-cathode. Ama-ion e-zinc ayinkimbinkimbi ngendlela ye-Zn(CN)₄²⁻ azinze kakhulu kubhavu, okuholela ekufakweni kwe-zinc okufana kakhulu nokucolile uma kuqhathaniswa namasistimu angeyona inkimbinkimbi.

Izinyathelo Zezinqubo

1. Ukulungiswa Kwangaphambili Kwe-Substrate

Ngaphambi kwe-electroplating, i-substrate (into yensimbi ezogqitshwa) idinga ukunakekelwa kusengaphambili. Lesi sinyathelo sibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunamathela okuhle kwe-zinc enamathela.

• Iyadelela: I-substrate iqala yohliswa ukuze kususwe noma yikuphi uwoyela, amafutha, noma ukungcola okuphilayo endaweni yayo. Lokhu kungafezwa ngezindlela ezinjengokususwa kwe-alkaline, lapho i-substrate icwiliswa kusixazululo se-alkali esiqukethe ama-surfactants. Isixazululo se-alkaline sisabela namafutha, siwufake emulsifying futhi sivumele ukuthi sikhukhulwe. Isibonelo, isisombululo esijwayelekile sokwehlisa i-alkali singaqukatha i-sodium hydroxide, i-sodium carbonate, nama-surfactants afana ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate.

• Ukukhetha: Ngemva kokwehlisa amafutha, ukuchotshozwa kwenziwa ukuze kukhishwe ukugqwala, ama-oxides, nokunye ukungcola okungaphili endaweni engaphansi. Isixazululo se-asidi, njenge-hydrochloric acid noma i-sulfuric acid, sivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqoqa. I-asidi ihlangana nama-oxide angaphezulu, iwancibilikise. Isibonelo, esimweni sokugqwala (i-iron oxide) ku-substrate yensimbi, ukusabela nge-hydrochloric acid kuthi: Fe₂O₃ + 6HCl → 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂O. Ngemuva kokukhetha, i-substrate ihlanzwa kahle ngamanzi ukuze isuse noma iyiphi i-asidi esele.

2. Ukulungiswa Kokugeza Kwe-Electroplating

Ukulungiswa kokugeza kwe-electroplating kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ku-sodium i-cyanide electroplating zinc inqubo.

• Izithako: Izingxenye eziyinhloko zokugeza zihlanganisa i-zinc oxide (ZnO) njengomthombo wama-ion e-zinc, i-sodium cyanide (NaCN) njenge-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi, kanye ne-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) njengosawoti oqhubayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izithasiselo zingase zifakwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi ye-plating, njengezikhanyisi. Ngokugeza okujwayelekile okuphansi - i-cyanide electroplating, ukwakheka kungase kube: ZnO 8 - 12 g/L, NaCN 10 - 20 g/L, NaOH 80 - 120 g/L.

• Inqubo Yokuxuba: Okokuqala, ingxenye yamanzi (cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yenani lokugeza eliphelele) yengezwa ethangini lokucwenga. Khona-ke, inani elidingekayo le-sodium cyanide ne-sodium hydroxide yengezwa futhi inyakaziswa kuze kube yilapho ichitheka ngokuphelele. Okulandelayo, i-zinc oxide yengezwa kancane kancane kwisisombululo ngenkathi iqhubeka inyakaza. I-Zinc oxide ihlangana ne-sodium hydroxide ne-sodium cyanide ukuze yakhe izakhi ezidingekayo. Ngemuva kokwengezwa kwe-zinc oxide, ukugeza kuhlanjululwe kumthamo oyifunayo ngamanzi. Ekugcineni, izithasiselo zengezwa ngokwemiyalelo yomkhiqizi.

3. Inqubo ye-Electroplating

• Ukusetha Iseli Electroplating: Iseli le-electroplating liqukethe ukugeza okucwenga, i-cathode (i-substrate okufanele ifakwe), kanye ne-anode. I-anode ngokuvamile yenziwe ngensimbi ye-zinc. Lapho amandla kagesi edlula ebhavini, ama-ion e-zinc ayancibilika esuka ku-anode aye kubhavu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo afakwe ku-cathode. Ukuminyana kwamanje, okuyinani lamanje endaweni ngayinye yeyunithi ye-cathode, kulawulwa ngokucophelela. Kuzinc ye-sodium cyanide electroplating, ukuminyana okujwayelekile kwamanje kusuka ku-1 - 5 A/dm². Ukuminyana okuphansi kwamanje kungase kubangele izinga lokubeka kancane kancane kodwa kungaholela ekuhlanganiseni okufanayo nokucoliseke kakhudlwana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuminyana okuphezulu kwamanje kungakhuphula izinga lokubeka kodwa kungase kubangele izinkinga ezifana nokucwala okungalingani kanye nokushiswa kokunamathiswa ezindaweni zamanje.

• Izinga lokushisa nokuyaluza: Izinga lokushisa lokugeza kwe-electroplating nalo lithinta inqubo yokucwenga. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa lokugeza ligcinwa ebangeni lika-20 - 40 °C. Amazinga okushisa aphakeme angakhuphula izinga lokumiswa kodwa angase futhi anciphise i-cathode polarization, okuholela ekuhlanganisweni okuqinile - okusanhlamvu. Ukuyaluza kokugeza kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwama-ion azungeze i-cathode. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokunyakazisa kwemishini, njengokusebenzisa isivunguvungu, noma ngokubhuza komoya. Ukuyaluza kusiza ukugcwalisa ama-ion e-zinc eduze nendawo ye-cathode, ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwama-concentration gradients angaholela ekuhlanganisweni okungalingani.

4. Thumela - ukwelashwa

• I-Rinsing: Ngemva kwe-electroplating, into epuletiwe ihlanjululwa kahle ngamanzi ukuze isuse noma isiphi isisombululo esisalela sokucwenga endaweni yayo. Kungase kwenziwe izinyathelo eziningi zokuhlanza, lapho ukugeza kuqala kuba emanzini abandayo ukuze kukhishwe ingxenye enkulu yesisombululo, kulandele ukugeza okungeziwe emanzini ahlanzekile ukuqinisekisa ukususwa okuphelele kwanoma yikuphi ukungcola.

• I-Chromating: I-Chromating ivame ukwenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokugqwala kwesendlalelo se-zinc - plated. Into ecwetshiwe icwiliswa kusixazululo se-chromating, esiqukethe i-chromic acid noma usawoti wayo. Inqubo ye-chromating yakha ungqimba oluncane, oluvikelayo lokuguqula i-chromate ebusweni bembobo ye-zinc. Lesi singqimba sinikeza ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe ekugqwaleni ngokusebenza njengesivimbeli futhi nangokuziphulukisa ngokwezinga elithile lapho ingaphezulu liklwejwa. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-chromating, ezifana ne-chromating ephuzi, i-chromating eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - emhlophe, kanye ne-chromating emnyama, ngayinye enikeza amazinga ahlukene okumelana nokugqwala nokubukeka kobuhle.

• Ukumisa: Ekugcineni, into epuletiwe nekhromatiwe yomiswa. Ezingxenyeni ezincane, zingamiswa endaweni yokomisa i-centrifugal enomoya oshisayo, kuyilapho izingxenye ezinkulu zingase zibe umoya - zomiswe ekamelweni lokushisa. Ukomisa kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwamabala amanzi kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside kwe-coating.

Ukwakheka Kokugeza kanye Nethonya Lalo

1. I-Zinc oxide (ZnO)

I-Zinc oxide ingumthombo we-zinc ion okugeza kwe-electroplating. Ukugcwala kwe-zinc oxide ebhavini kuthinta izinga lokubekwa kwe-zinc. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-zinc oxide ngokuvamile kuholela esilinganisweni esiphezulu sokubekwa. Kodwa-ke, uma ukugxilwa kwe-zinc ion kuphezulu kakhulu, kungabangela izinkinga ezifana namandla angenamandla okujikijela (ikhono lesisombululo sokucwenga ukufaka i-coating efanayo ezintweni ezinokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi) kanye ne-coarer - grained coating. Emabhavuni ane-cyanide ephansi, ukugxiliswa kwe-zinc oxide okufanelekile kuvamise ukuba kububanzi okukhulunywe ngakho ngaphambili (8 - 12 g/L), okunikeza ibhalansi phakathi kwezinga lokubeka kanye nekhwalithi yokunamathela.

2. I-Sodium Cyanide (NaCN)

I-sodium cyanide isebenza njenge-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi ekugezeni. Yakha izakhiwo ezinama-zinc ions, njenge-Zn(CN)₄²⁻. Ukuhlushwa kwe-sodium cyanide kuthinta ukuzinza kwalezi zinkimbinkimbi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuziphatha kokufakwa kwe-zinc. Ezindaweni zokugeza eziphakeme ze-cyanide, kusetshenziswa inani eliphakeme kakhulu le-sodium cyanide, elinikeza amandla amahle kakhulu okujikijela kanye nokunamathela okuhle kakhulu okusanhlamvu. Kodwa-ke, ukugeza okuphakeme kwe-cyanide kubangela ubungozi obukhulu bendawo kanye nokuphepha ngenxa yobuthi be-cyanide. Ngokuphambene, okugeza okuphansi kwe-cyanide, okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla, kusebenzisa ukuhlushwa okuphansi kwe-sodium cyanide (isb, 10 - 20 g/L). Lawa okugeza asanikeza amandla amahle okujikijela kanye nekhwalithi yokugqoka ngenkathi kunciphisa ukukhathazeka kwemvelo nokuphepha ngezinga elithile. Isilinganiso se-sodium cyanide ne-zinc oxide (i-NaCN/ZnO ratio) nayo idlala indima ebalulekile. Isilinganiso esifanele siqinisekisa ukwakheka kwama-complexes azinzile kanye nezimo ezifanele zokucwenga. Isibonelo, kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, isilinganiso se-NaCN/ZnO esingaba ngu-1.5 - 2.5 siyakhethwa.

3. I-Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

I-sodium hydroxide isebenza njengosawoti oqhubayo ekugezeni, okwandisa ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kwesisombululo. Lokhu kuvumela ukudluliswa okuphumelelayo kwamanje ngesikhathi se-electroplating. Kuyasiza futhi ukugcina i-pH yokugeza. I-pH yokugeza kwe-zinc ye-sodium cyanide electroplating zinc ivamise ukuba kububanzi be-alkaline, cishe ku-pH 12 - 14. I-pH ezinzile ibalulekile ekuzinzeni kwezakhiwo kanye nenqubo yokucwenga iyonke. Uma i-pH iphansi kakhulu, ama-complexes angase abole, okuholela emiphumeleni empofu yokucwenga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma i-pH iphezulu kakhulu, ingabangela izinkinga ezifana nokugqwala ngokweqile kwe-anode kanye nokwakheka kwe-zinc hydroxide precipitates ekugezeni.

4. Izithasiselo

• Izikhanyisi: Izikhanyisi zengezwa ekugezeni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhanya nokukhanya kwe-zinc coating. Basebenza ngokushintsha i-morphology engaphezulu yongqimba lwezinc olufakiwe ezingeni le-athomu. Izinhlanganisela ze-organic ezifana ne-saccharin, i-coumarin, nosawoti othile we-quaternary ammonium avame ukusetshenziswa njengezikhanyisi. Isibonelo, i-saccharin ingakhangisa ebusweni be-cathode ngesikhathi se-electroplating, ivimbele ukukhula kwamakristalu e-zinc ezindaweni ezithile futhi ikhuthaze ukwakheka kwendawo ebushelelezi futhi ekhanyayo.

• Amazinga: Amaleveli asiza ukushelela noma yikuphi ukungahambi kahle endaweni engaphansi ngesikhathi se-electroplating. Ngokukhethayo zifaka ezindaweni eziphakeme - zamanje - zokuminyana ze-substrate, zehlisa umehluko wokujiya phakathi kwezifunda eziphezulu - neziphansi - zamanje - zokuminyana futhi kuphumele ekunambeni okufanayo okufanayo. Amanye ama-polymers nama-surfactants angasebenza njengamaleveli kubhavu lokufaka i-electroplating.

• Ama-Antioxidants kanye nama-Stabilizers: Lezi zithako zisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela i-oxidation yezingxenye ekugezeni, ikakhulukazi ama-ion cyanide. I-Cyanide ingenziwa i-oxidized phambi komoya kanye nokungcola okuthile, okungaholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kwe-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezinguquko kumakhemikhali okugeza. Ama-Antioxidants afana ne-sodium sulfite angengezwa ebhavini ukuze akhiphe umoya-mpilo futhi avimbele ukucwiliswa kwe-cyanide. Ama-Stabilizers nawo angeziwe ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza kokugeza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuqinisekisa imiphumela engaguquki yokucwenga.

Ukucatshangelwa Kokusebenza

1. Izinyathelo Zokuphepha

Njengoba i-sodium cyanide inobuthi obukhulu, izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile kufanele zithathwe ngesikhathi sokuphatha nokusebenza kwenqubo ye-electroplating. Bonke abasebenzi abahililekile kule nqubo kufanele bagqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifanele, okuhlanganisa amagilavu, izibuko, nezinsimbi zokuphefumula. Indawo ye-electroplating kufanele ibe nomoya omuhle ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunqwabelana kwentuthu enobuthi. Uma kwenzeka noma yikuphi ukuchitheka noma izingozi ezibandakanya i-sodium cyanide, izinqubo zokusabela eziphuthumayo ngokushesha kufanele zilandelwe. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukwenza i-cyanide ibe lula ngamakhemikhali afanelekile (njengezixazululo ze-hypochlorite) nokwazisa iziphathimandla zokuphepha ezifanele.

2. Ukulungisa Ukugeza

• Ukuhlaziya Okuvamile: Ukwakheka kokugeza kwe-electroplating kufanele kuhlaziywe njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukugxila kwe-zinc oxide, i-sodium cyanide, i-sodium hydroxide, nezithasiselo kungaphakathi kwebanga elifanele. Izindlela zokuhlaziya ezifana ne-titration zingasetshenziswa ukunquma ukugxila kwalezi zingxenye. Isibonelo, ukugcwala kwama-ion e-zinc kunganqunywa ngokwenza isampula yokugeza ngesisombululo se-EDTA esijwayelekile (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid).

• Ukulawula Ukungcola: Ukungcoliswa kokugeza kungenzeka emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, njengokungcola kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, 带入 yezinto zangaphandle ezivela ku-substrate ngesikhathi sokucwenga, kanye nokwakhiwa kokusabela ngemikhiqizo. Ukulawula ukungcola, ukuhlunga okufanele kokugeza kufanele kwenziwe. Isistimu yokuhlunga enemithombo yokuhlunga efanele ingasusa izinhlayiya eziqinile nokunye ukungcola kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanzwa ngezikhathi ezithile kokugeza kungase kudingeke. Isibonelo, uma ukungcola kwensimbi esindayo (njengethusi noma umthofu) kunqwabelana kubhavu, kungasuswa ngokwengeza amakhemikhali akha imvula nalokhu kungcola, okulandelwa ukuhlunga.

• Ukugcwaliswa kabusha kwezingxenye: Njengoba inqubo ye-electroplating iqhubeka, izingxenye zokugeza ziyadliwa. I-Zinc ifakwa ku-cathode, futhi ezinye zezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi nezithasiselo zingabola noma zidliwe ekuphenduleni okuseceleni. Ngakho-ke, ukugcwaliswa okuvamile kwe-zinc oxide, i-sodium cyanide, i-sodium hydroxide, nezithasiselo kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe ukwakheka kokugeza. Izinga lokugcwalisa linganqunywa ngokusekelwe esikhathini sokucwenga, inani lezingxenye ezipuletiwe, kanye nemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kokugeza.

3. Ukuxazulula izinkinga

• Ukunamathela Okubi Kokunamathela: Uma ukunamathela kwe-zinc kunokunamathela okungalungile ku-substrate, izimbangela ezingase zibe khona zihlanganisa ukunakekelwa kusengaphambili kwe-substrate, ukwakheka okungalungile kokugeza (okufana ne-pH engalungile noma ukugxila kwe-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi ephansi), noma amazinga aphezulu okungcola kubhavu. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, inqubo yokwelapha kusengaphambili kufanele ibuyekezwe futhi ithuthukiswe. Ukwakheka kokugeza kufanele kuhlaziywe futhi kulungiswe uma kunesidingo, futhi izinyathelo kufanele zithathwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola.

• I-Uneven Plating: Ukulinganisa okungalingani kungase kubangelwe izici ezifana nokusatshalaliswa kwamanje okungalungile kuseli ye-electroplating, ukunyakazisa okungeyona into efanayo yokugeza, noma ukuhluka kwejometri ye-substrate. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, ukusethwa kweseli ye-electroplating kungalungiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje okufanayo. Indlela yokuyaluza ingathuthukiswa, futhi izinto ezilungiswayo zingaklanywa ukubamba i-substrate ngendlela ethuthukisa ukucwenga okufanayo. Kuma-substrates anomumo oyinkimbinkimbi, amasu okucwenga akhethekile noma ukusetshenziswa kwama-anode asizayo kungadingeka.

• Ukugqoka Okumnyama noma Okumnyama: I-zinc efiphele noma emnyama enamathela ingase ibangelwe ukugxilisa okukhanyayo okunganele kubhavu, amazinga aphezulu okungcola, noma amapharamitha okucwenga angalungile (okufana nokuminyana kwamanje okuphezulu kakhulu noma izinga lokushisa lokugeza). Ukugxilisa okukhanyayo kufanele kuhlolwe futhi kulungiswe uma kudingeka. Ukugeza kufanele kuhlanzwe ukuze kukhishwe ukungcola, futhi imingcele yokucwenga kufanele yenziwe kahle.

Isiphetho

Inqubo ye-sodium cyanide electroplating zinc iyindlela esetshenziswa kabanzi futhi ebalulekile yokuhlinzeka ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuqedwa kokuhlobisa ezintweni zensimbi. Ukuqonda izimiso zayo, izinyathelo zenqubo, ukwakheka kokugeza, nokucatshangelwa kokusebenza kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela yekhwalithi ephezulu yokucwenga. Nakuba inezinselele ezithile zemvelo nezokuphepha ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide, enezinyathelo ezifanele zokuphepha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinye ezinye izindlela ezivumelana nemvelo (njengezinqubo ezingenayo i-cyanide noma i-cyanide - mahhala), iyaqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa ezezimoto, i-aerospace, ne-electronics. Ngokulawula ngokucophelela zonke izici zenqubo, abakhiqizi bangakhiqiza imikhiqizo egcwele i-zinc enekhwalithi nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu.